The Things They Carried By Tim O Brien - 978 Words

There is only one kind of truth, no matter what author Tim O’Brien may think and say in his novel The Things They Carried. As he explains it, story-truth is more of a way to allow someone to comprehend what he went through or felt. Then, what he calls happening-truth is the nut-and-bolt facts of what really happened. But I find serious fault with his definition. Story-truth is not truth. It is not what happened, it is just a way to lie about what really happened. Happening-truth is what really happened. He states several times that a true war story does not seem true, but the untrue war stories seem the truest. In the chapter â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story,† O’Brien talks about several things that I could address, but for right now, I will focus on Curt Lemon. Curt Lemon was a soldier and friend who was with O’Brien on a mission into the mountains. He accidentally set off his own grenade while holding it, blowing himself up. O’Brien saw this and in his writing described the sight as almost beautiful, visualizing it for us by explaining how it appeared that the sunlight lifted him up when he exploded. Really? Would that honestly be what any sane person would think, notice and choose to share when they see a friend blown to pieces in a fireball explosion? I don’t think so. I don’t think a person would remember what the sun looked like as it reflected off his friend’s limp body and with gore flying in all directions. Most people would be appalled and shocked, focusing on whatShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long, exhausting, and traumatic experience for all of the soldiers and those who came with them. The Things They Carried, by Tim O Brien illustrates the different affects the war had on a variety of people: Jacqueline Navarra Rhoads, a former nurse during the Vietnam war, demonstrates these effects within her own memoir in the book, The Forgotten Veterans. Both sources exemplify many tribulations, while sharing a common thread of suffering from mental unpredictability. DesensitizationRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1377 Words   |  6 Pageslove to have it as good as we do. Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried discusses many veterans who experience the burden of shame and guilt daily due to their heroic actions taken during the Vietnam War. The book shows you how such a war can change a man before, during, and after it’s over.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I reflect on the many conflicts America has been a part of, none can compare to the tragedies that occurred in The Vietnam war. As told in The Things They Carried (O’Brien), characters such as NormanRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theme pertains to everyone regardless of their background. It conveys the same ideas to people from all across our society. Lastly, a classic is timeless, which means it has transcended the time in which it was written. In Tim O’Brien’s novel, The Things They Carried, he offers a new, intriguing way to view war or just life in general and also meets all of the crucial requirements mentioned above to qualify it as a book of literary canon. Though this book is technically a war novel, many peopleRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Tim O’Brien is obsessed with telling a true war story. O Brien s fiction about the Vietnam experience suggest, lies not in realistic depictions or definitive accounts. As O’Brien argues, absolute occurrence is irrelevant because a true war story does not depend upon that kind of truth. Mary Ann’s induction into genuine experience is clearly destructive as well as empowering† (p.12) Tim O’s text, The Things they Carried, details his uses of word choice to portray his tone and bias. Tim O’BrienRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1169 Words   |  5 Pagesbut are set in the past and borrows things from that time period. A story that fits this genre of literature is The Things They Carried. The story is about Tim O Brien, a Vietnam veteran from the Unite States, who tells stories about what had happ ened when he and his team were stationed in Vietnam. He also talks about what he felt about the war when he was drafted and what he tried to do to avoid going to fight in Vietnam. The Things They Carried by Tim O Brien was precise with its portrayal of settingRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1004 Words   |  5 Pages Tim O’Brien is a veteran from of the Vietnam War, and after coming home from his duty he decided to be a writer. His work â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about a group of soldiers that are fighting in the Vietnam War. The first part of the story talks mostly about physical items that each soldier carries, and also mentions the weight of the items as well. Though, there is one exception to the list of physical things. Lieutenant Cross is a character of the story, and Tim O’ Brien quickly states theRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien896 Words   |  4 PagesTrouble without a doubt is what First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross c arried around his shoulders because he was out in war, where mistakes happen. Lost and unknown of his surroundings he had to lead his men into safety, while destroying anything they found. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross only holds onto one thing for hope and that is Martha, the woman who he hopes is a virgin to come back to. Tim O’ Brien introduces symbolism by adding a character that has a meaning of purity and a pebble, which symbolizesRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesSummary: â€Å"By and large they carried these things inside, maintaining the masks of composure† (21). In Tim O’brien’s The Things They Carried, the American soldiers of the Vietnam War carry much more than the weight of their equipment, much more than souvenirs or good-luck charms or letters from home. They carried within themselves the intransitive burdens—of fear, of cowardice, of love, of loneliness, of anger, of confusion. Most of all, they carry the truth of what happened to them in the war—aRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1369 Words   |  6 PagesMany authors use storytelling as a vehicle to convey the immortality of past selves and those who have passed to not only in their piece of literature but in their life as an author. In Tim O’Brien’s work of fiction The Things They Carried, through his final chapter â€Å"The Lives of the Dead,† O Brien conveys that writing is a matter of survival since, the powers of s torytelling can ensure the immortality of all those who were significant in his life. Through their immortality, O’Brien has the abilityRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1407 Words   |  6 Pages       Our introduction stated that in â€Å"The Things They Carried,† author Tim O’Brien tells us not directly of the soldiers of Vietnam, or the situations they find themselves in, but about the things they carry on their shoulders and in their pockets. These â€Å"things† identify the characters and bring them to life.   I find that to be true as the author unfolds the stories about war and the uncommon things one carries in to war both inadvertently and on purpose.  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it was noted: Stories about war –

Letter from Birmingham Jail; Rhetorical Analysis Essay

Martin Luther King Jr.’s Use of the Rhetoric Triangle Every writer has some sort of drive when writing a piece of work. Whether that drive comes from a creative source or the need to prove a point, it exists. For Martin Luther King Jr. that drive was the need to put an end to racial injustice that seemed to be everywhere. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a perfect example. â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was King’s response to eight clergymen’s â€Å"A Call for Unity.† His drive came from the clergymen’s unjust propositions and accusations. This letter allowed King to not only propose a rebuttal but to justify his own civil disobedience, as well as explain the indecency of racial segregation. Throughout his letter, King†¦show more content†¦We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. (Par. 2) In paragraph 2, King points out the facts as well as his business in Birmingham. Logos required logic, facts, anything that shows flow of logic. In this text, King was informing us, as well as the clergymen that he in fact did have business in Birmingham. â€Å"Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C left their villages and carried their â€Å"thus saith the Lord† †¦ Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.† (Par. 3) A subsection of logos is appeal to authority and by referencing to the Apostle Paul, King uses the same Biblical mentality of the clergymen to get his own point across, as well as justify his reasons for being in Alabama. Just like the Apostle Paul spread the word of Jesus, King is spreading the word of freedom. Briefly, King touched upon nonviolent direct-action in the previous paragraph as in his reasons for being there, however he goes more in depth into these direct-action ‘steps’. â€Å"In any nonvi olent campaign there are four steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self purification; and direct action.† (Par. 6) A major element of logos is enumeration. King uses enumeration to lay out a foundation for his counter argument by addressing the essential steps needed to have a successful nonviolent campaign. As King’s tone in the letter begins to shift and change direction, so does his use of the rhetoricShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1052 Words   |  5 Pagesracial discrimination is? A Rhetorical Analysis of Letter From Birmingham Jail It is known to all that Martin Luther King is a famous person in America, who strongly goes against the racial discrimination all the time. Here, in this letter, Letter from Birmingham Jail, it is easy for us to realize that racial discrimination appears and the non-violence action is still serious at that time. As a matter of fact, this letter is coming from the people in the Birmingham jail, stating their inner thoughtsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Letter from Birmingham Jail1517 Words   |  7 PagesDevin Ponder Eng291-001 13 September 2013 Rhetorical Analysis Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† by Martin Luther King, Jr., is a letter in which King is writing to his â€Å"fellow clergymen† in a response to their recent criticism of the actions he was leading in Birmingham at the time. The letter was written in April of 1963, a time when segregation was essentially at a peak in the south. Birmingham, in particular, is described by King as â€Å"probablyRead Moreâ€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail† Analysis of the Rhetorical Appeals1182 Words   |  5 Pagesthis when he wrote an open letter while in his jail cell after a peaceful debate against segregation. His lettered response was guided at a statement by eight white Alabama clergymen saying that segregation should be fought in court and not on the streets. King uses a combination of three rhetorical appeals to accomplish his rhetor; ethical, logical and emotional. The three appeals used together successfully persuade the audience to believe King’s argument . The rhetorical trinity consists of threeRead MoreSummary and Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†1708 Words   |  7 PagesSummary and Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested on April 12, 1963, in Birmingham, for protesting without a permit. The same day that King was arrested, a letter was written and signed by eight clergymen from Birmingham and titled â€Å"A Call for Unity†. The letter called for ending demonstrations and civil activities and indicated King as an â€Å"outsider†. On April 16, 1963, King responded to their letter with his own call, which has come toRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1665 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a great example of an effective and cleverly written response by a complex but yet sophisticated leader of our time. It was written in response to an editorial addressing the issue of Negro demonstrations and segregation in Alabama at the time. He delivers the message in a way with sneaky superiority. He is inviting and open allowing the clergymen to feel as though they have c ontributed and will contribute. He is not condescending or belittlingRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail Rhetorical Analysis1136 Words   |  5 PagesKing Jr.’s Letter from the Birmingham Jail, he addresses eight white clergymen who fill his desk with disagreements and criticism of his acts of attempting to abolish segregation. To give a better understanding to his audience he correlates his speech with religion, signifying himself to be similar to the Apostle Paul, while speaking up about the injustice being done in Birmingham. Martin Luther King Jr. speaks strongly about being unable to stand back and watch the disputes in Birmingham unravel.Read MoreEssay on Rhetorical Analysis of the Letter from Birmingham Jail983 Words   |  4 Pages Letter from Birmingham Jail is a letter that explains the controversy that occurred when the clergymen purportedly criticized Luther’s entrance into Birmingham. Luther King Jr writes this letter to the clergymen who had insinuated that the situation of racial discrimination was in control by the law administrators and was not to be intervened by King and his group, the outsiders. The letter is published by the program of Teaching American History - Ashland University and dated on the day and dateRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings Letter From A Birmingham Jail1488 Words   |  6 Pages Obviously, again my primary motivation for writing my Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† is that this is a requirement for my English Composition Class. My heartfelt motivation for writing my Rhetorical Analysis is the respect I have for Martin Luther King’s intelligence and commitment that he displayed for the equality of the African American population. In analyzing â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail†, I developed an even stronger understanding of the dedicationRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail W/ Focus on Ethos1587 Words   |  7 PagesMLK Letter From Birmingham Jail Rhetorical Analysis- w/ focus on Ethos â€Å"...we are now confronted by a series of demonstrations by some of our Negro citizens, directed and led in part by outsiders†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this quote, from the third paragraph of the letter written by eight Alabama clergymen, the term outsiders is used. Early on, this creates a label for Martin Luther King, outsider. Throughout his Letter From Birmingham Jail, King is able appeal to ethos in order to refute his title of â€Å"outsider†Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Mlk Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther King’s inspiration for writing his, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was mainly to appeal to an undeniable injustice that occurred during his time. His letter was in response tos eight white clergymen, who objected to King protesting in Birmingham. Dr. King effectively crafted his counterargument after analyzing the clergymen’s unjust proposals and then he was able to present his rebuttal. Dr. King eff ectively formed his counterargument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology

Question: Describe about a Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology? Answer: Big data have enthralled the whole world with the magnitude of its capacity and the ability to handle bulks of data. The recent interest have made the debates evolve regarding ethical and disciplinary contexts in some of the particular domains of practical applications of big data. The need of the hour is to synthesize and evaluate some conceptual dilemmas building around Big Data. There are some attributes of big data that require more critical insight and attention such as opacity, disparity, autonomy, generativity and futurity (Ekbia, 2015). The whole concept of Big Data is unambiguous therefore, there have been three dimensions of definitions proposed including a product oriented approach that includes the scale and size of data; process oriented approach pertaining to the inclusion of technological frontier (Fiesler, 2015); and cognition focused approach oriented towards the relation with human beings. The current technology is deemed to be incompetent and insufficient to analyze the big data because of economic concerns or limitations of machinery and applications. In terms of ethical withering of brain, on one hand big data is a catalyst to solve the macro scale problems of the real world but its complexity on the other hand and the massive interactions with real world is not the ability of human mind to comprehend. The ethical dilemma of complexity have made the utter need of statistical analysis, technological infrastructures, tans disciplinary work and visualization techniques to be embedded in the concept of big data to reduce its complexity and let the human brain comprehend it for effective application. The scientists and advocates of data driven intensive science of big data have been trapped under the debate of distinction between relation and correlation many of it being like a debate between theory driven science and data driven science (Shin, 2015). The crux of big data and the hallmark of its data mining lies in prediction which might sometimes lead to drastic ethical dilemmas which can further worsen the situation. Another upcoming ethical debate and a strike question is dichotomy between qualitative and quantitative methods. There have been minute distinctions leading to blurring of difference between interpretation and analysis of Big Data. The data making is a process of multiple social agents having variety of diverse interests. Big data undergoes stages of collection, management, storage and to bring it into usable form for the analysts to dwell deeper into its meaning, it is essential that it is cleaned with scripting languages like Python or Perl or with the help of automated tools like Beautiful Soap (Alagidede, 2015). This stage includes human intervention and his skills of judgment and interpretation to call their subjective opinions which might sometimes spoil or deteriorate the data. Sometimes even data liquidity involving personal data and de-identification of it further makes the situation critical. Variety of areas using big data like social media, location tagged payments, medicine and geo locating devices face the ethical dilemma between risks to data privacy and anonymity through re-identification and ethos of transparency, liquidity and data sharing. With the debate of what to count and what not to consider on the input side of big data also extends to the output side with the dilemma being what to select and what to leave. In small samples of data, the issues of normality, volatility and validation concerns the analysts of big data. Moreover, a small change in even a single unit can totally reverse the effect of results and significance of the output. Though there have been remedial actions proposed for improving the reliance on the statistical significance like use of Bayesian analysis, correcting of degrees of freedom and selection of a smaller p value but they are not enough to address the concern of sampling and selection bias in the analysis of big data (Watson, 2015). Inclusion of big data in the analysis and research purposes have further aggravated and amplified the long lived ethical dilemmas in the science and humanities study. There are plethora of gaps between the articulated visions and the reality in practical scenario pertaining to big data. It includes analysis of a huge amount of heterogeneous data without having the knowledge of those affected. They are generated silently and are put to unforeseen applications (Lake, 2015) as they are collected by many of the seen and unforeseen sources incriminating the privacy and also leading up to secondary disadvantages pertaining to tracking, profiling, exclusion, discrimination and loss of total control. Big data though have captured enormous data under its realm but have also bought bigger ethical tensions for the company using this technology to analyze into the social world having unmeasurable data kept to be analyzed. References Ekbia, H., Mattioli, M., Kouper, I., Arave, G., Ghazinejad, A., Bowman, T., ... Sugimoto, C. R. (2015). Big data, bigger dilemmas: A critical review.Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. Fiesler, C., Young, A., Peyton, T., Bruckman, A. S., Gray, M., Hancock, J., Lutters, W. (2015, February). Ethics for Studying Online Sociotechnical Systems in a Big Data World. InProceedings of the 18th ACM Conference Companion on Computer Supported Cooperative Work Social Computing(pp. 289-292). ACM. Shin, D. H., Choi, M. J. (2015). Ecological views of big data: Perspectives and issues.Telematics and Informatics,32(2), 311-320. Alagidede, P. (2015). Book Review: Development dilemmas: The methods and political ethics of growth policy.African Review of Economics and Finance,6(2), 144-149. Watson, D. (2015). Research ethics and integrity for social scientists.International Journal of Research Method in Education, (ahead-of-print), 1-2. Lake, P., Drake, R. (2015). Information Systems Management in the Big Data Era.

Blackfeet Perspective on Scalping Essay Example

Blackfeet Perspective on Scalping Paper AmericasIn 1871 a story was published in The Wisconsin State Register of Portage, WI, detailing the story of a boy being a captive of Blackfeet Indians for seven years. All of his family with the exception of him and his younger sister had been brutally killed in a raid. His father was killed and scalped, his mother was gutted alive, the infant was impaled on a fence, and his two older sisters (aged 20 and 21) had their hands and feet nailed to a wall, killed and scalped. After travelling an unknown distance the Blackfeet and their captives made camp. The boy’s left arm and the girl’s ear were cut off as a way of branding the prisoners. After this the Indian band split up and the boy never saw his sister again. The boy was castrated and physically abused as a prisoner for seven years before he made his escape. After travelling for a year he made it to Wisconsin where his story was published. Publications such as these, whether accurate or exaggerated, assisted in universally condemning the Blackfeet tribe especially for the act of scalping. During the course of the 19th Century, as white Americans explored and settled in the western part of the country, the nomadic Blackfeet Indians felt the need to defend their lands of the northern Great Plains. Early in the century a daring fur trapper might find it worthwhile to follow the Missouri River in pursuit of the rich game in the region, despite the warnings of danger from the Blackfeet. The tribe found these white trappers to be trespassers on their land and sought violent ways to stop them, as evidenced in a letter by an Indian sub-agent John F. We will write a custom essay sample on Blackfeet Perspective on Scalping specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Blackfeet Perspective on Scalping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Blackfeet Perspective on Scalping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A. Sanford. He wrote in 1833, â€Å"The Blackfeet have Killed only 18 or 20 the last winter as long as Whites are trapping in their Country it will be the case. † Violence was enacted by both sides; the white Americans would seek new lands or new game, and the Indians would seek to stop them through violence. This violence would beget violence from the white, which in turn would spark vengeance from the Indians. In many cases, these instances would include the scalping of a fallen foe whether he or she was Indian or white. Stories of scalping that came back from the western frontier caused many white Americans to view the Blackfeet Indians in a bad light. In 1881, after a raid on the Cree the Blackfeet had taken sixteen scalps and the Milwaukee Daily Sentinel referred to the act as â€Å"Murder, Rapine, Robbery, [and] Vengeance. † The act of scalping was seen as barbarous and disgusting as reflected by the 19th century historian Francis Parkman who questioned whether Indians had a conscience. Despite the gruesome nature of scalping and other acts of violence performed by the Blackfeet tribe many of the stories published in newspapers of the Eastern US reflected the biased representation of scalping based on the Christian American’s opinion towards these actions. The Blackfeet tribe can be used as an example to learn why some tribes of American Indians found it acceptable to perform such actions. The Blackfeet believed that the taking of an enemy’s scalp removed his or her power, a collection of scalps added to a warrior’s social status, and scalp parties were often formed for the important idea of revenge. Power of the Spirit The ethno historian James Axtell wrote an essay on scalping in the colonial North America where he discussed the difficulties of undertaking endeavors of moral questions such as scalping in the clash of two cultures. He explains that first; ethno historians have to be able to understand each culture and the conflicts that arise â€Å"without imposing the parochial standards of their own day on the past. † And second, ethno historians are forced to make an assessment of the meaning of these conflicts to the contemporaries. Betty Bastien, a professor of native studies and member of the Blackfeet tribe, sought to provide an understanding for the Blackfeet ways of knowing their history in her book Blackfoot ways of knowing: the worldview of the Siksikaitsitapi. Gathering primary documents of the Blackfeet is next to impossible since they had no belief in writing history and did not even focus on literacy as late as the beginning of the 20th century. Bastien’s book discusses the passing of knowledge in the Blackfeet tribe, â€Å"As we are sitting here listening to each other speak, our words come from our hearts, from the way we live. In other words, we didn’t borrow our knowledge from anybody. What we are talking about is something we know. White people would say, we heard it from the horse’s mouth. † Due to the Blackfeet beliefs and lack of written history, it is imperative to rely on oral history when considering Blackfeet traditions. In order to understand another culture, one has to comprehend the way that culture views the world in order to assess conflicts that may arise between that culture and another; such is the case of scalping. Bastien sought out her native roots and in doing so was able to reaffirm and reconstruct the traditional ways of knowing for her tribe. According to Bastien, the Blackfeet tribe has a different way of obtaining knowledge than the scientific methods developed by Euro centered learning. In the Blackfeet tribe, as Bastien wrote, â€Å"Knowledge comes from Ihtsipaitapiiyo’pa (Spirit) and knowing means connecting with [Spirit]. Knowledge has spirit. Knowledge is spirit. † The learning of this begins with understanding the sacred knowledge that is in the lodge tales, or tribal stories, and ceremonies that are handed down within the tribe. Within this knowledge is the idea that every person and animal has a spirit within them which stays with them until the body dies. Once the body has died, their spirit can still remain active which is why proper action (such as burial ceremonies) after death must be taken. Many of the customs of the Blackfeet provide examples of their spiritual belief. When it came to scalping, it was no different. When warriors returned from a scalp raid, or from battle with scalps, it was cause for celebration. The women would take the new scalps their husbands brought home and dress them for the scalp dance. For this, the scalp was stretched across a hoop at the end of a long pole that was carried by the women during the three day ceremony. Generally, scalps were kept for approximately a year, and after this initial dance they were used to adorn clothing, weapons, and horses. After the scalp had finished its ceremonial purposes, they would have a burial ceremony for the scalps in which the women would wail and sing in proper mourning in order to pay complete respects to the spirit of the person who the scalp was taken from. It was believed that the hair of a person contained their power and if one had possession of hair, they had power over the donor. In the Blackfeet tribe, a warrior with great power and bravery was held in high regard. Counting Coup for Social Standing In the Blackfeet tribe inheritance was considered taboo, and a chief was made by the acts of his own bravery. Counting coup upon an enemy was the most common act of bravery. Touching an enemy with one’s weapon without actually assaulting them was considered the ultimate coup. This was a difficult thing to do especially with someone watching. War honors were a much more tangible coup and consisted of taking an enemy’s weapons, war shirt, or war medicine, which ranked ahead of taking the enemy scalp. The origin of scalping and the reason it elevates a warrior’s social status can be found in the lodge tale as interpreted by George Bird Grinnell called â€Å"The Beaver Medicine. † As the story goes, there was a time when all the tribes were at peace and there was no war. When tribes would meet the chiefs would come out and touch each other with a stick and count coup on each other, and the tribes would then part. This continued until a chief’s wife fell in love with a very poor man named Api-kunni. At this time, instead of a scalp dance, the women would don the clothing of the one they love and dance and tell tales of all the coups their husband had counted. The chief’s wife wanted very much to participate in the dance, but Api-kunni had no possessions to give her. She finally convinced him to let her participate so Api-kunni gave the woman his tattered clothing and told her to say in the dance that the next spring he would go and count coup on an enemy. Everyone laughed and made fun of her tattered clothing which hurt Api-kunni’s pride so he left the camp to hide. After travelling a great distance Api-kunni came upon a beaver dam. The resident beaver told him to come in and live with him until spring, learn all the ways of the beaver and from then on the animal would be his war medicine. When winter ended, Api-kunni learned that his tribe was setting out on a war party which he decided to follow so that he could use his beaver medicine to count coup on an enemy. He wanted to count many coups so that he could be important enough to be sung about. When the party came upon a river they found another tribe on the opposite bank. Api-kunni sang the song the beaver taught him, took the stick the beaver gave him, and swam across the river. The leader of the other tribe began to wade out to meet him, carrying his knife in order to kill the swimmer, but Api-kunni dove under the water and when he came up he stabbed the beaver stick straight through the man. As the story goes, â€Å"People in those days never killed one another, and this was the first man ever killed in war. Api-kunni then counted coup on him and in order to give his love something to carry in the dance, and display his bravery as a warrior, he scalped his slain enemy. This was all very good for the poor man for when he returned to the village he was able to give the woman who loved him his war honors. The woman was then able to show that what she had sung before the winter had come true and this gave rise to the scalp dance. The old chief then told Api-kunni that he w ould now be chief and to take his wife as his own. In this way, due to scalping, Api-kunni went from being a poor nobody to a chief through the act of scalping. After becoming chief, Api-kunni told his people that this tradition would continue and be handed down to their children. So, â€Å"from that time forth, people, when they went to war, killed one another and scalped the dead enemy, as this poor young man had done. † This story displays two important articles to understand. One is that in Blackfeet culture the passing down of sacred knowledge through stories and ceremonies are the beginnings of connecting with the spirit. The other, is that this story is a representation of how counting coup upon an enemy, of which taking a scalp is a part, is an act of great bravery which improves ones social standing. Vengeance As mentioned before, the cycle of revenge was common among the Indians. Whether it was between Indians and whites or between two tribes, an Indian warrior could choose whether he wished to exact revenge or not. The historian John Reid claimed that if a Cherokee warrior lost a brother at the hand of a Creek, he might say that he would bury the bloody hatchet after taking a Creek scalp. Meaning literally that once he took the scalp of a Creek he would literally bury the hatchet he used to kill the warrior with, giving rise to the term: ‘bury the hatchet. ’ The warrior’s vengeance would now be complete and the brother of the victim then had the decision of whether to exact vengeance or not. John C. Ewers, an expert on Blackfeet Indians from the mid-20th century, claims that this would be the same for the Blackfeet tribe against their enemies. The difference though is that the Blackfeet wouldn’t always be satisfied with the taking of a scalp, and would often go as far as to cut off his enemies hand, feet, or entire head. Neither gender was safe from the act of scalping as many of the tribes held vengeance as highly important and would exact it upon the entire enemy’s settlement or village when possible. A large scalp raid was most common when a large portion of Blackfeet were killed in battle or if any chiefs or prominent warriors were killed. Ewers explains that â€Å"Scalp raids generally were prosecuted by relatively large forces [often including hundreds of warriors], often recruited from several of the Blackfoot and allied tribes and led by one or more prominent chiefs. The size of scalp raids displays the importance of obtaining the enemies’ scalps for vengeance. The Blackfeet Indian of the northern Great Plains was known as one of the most violent scalping tribes in America. They lived in a world much different than ours, in a time when the social norms are extremely difficult for us to conceive. Questioning the morality of scalping is nearly impossible because it only leads to the imposition of our parochial standards. As Axtell said it is not our job to judge past actions but make an assessment of what these actions meant to the contemporaries. To the whites, and to modern society, scalping was a gruesome custom that is highly frowned upon. To the Blackfeet who lived during times of scalping it was a way of life and not something to fret over. Evidence of this is found from the story of Chief White Calf as told to Richard Lancaster while recounting a tale where he went into battle he said, â€Å"Young Pine scalped one, and then I scalped the other. † We can be repulsed by the act of scalping but we must not let our emotions cloud our understanding of this tradition in its own context. To the contemporary Blackfeet Indian the act of scalping gave him power against the spirits, a higher social standing, and provided him a way to prove his vengeance complete. In a world that is difficult to understand, this was perfectly acceptable. Works Consulted-Primary Bell, Charles. The Journal of Henry Kelsey. Winnipeg: Dawson Richardson, 1928. This book did not have an effect on my article. It was not in the correct time period and did not discuss scalping. â€Å"The Blackfeet Indians Take Sixteen Cree Scalps in Canada. † Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, June 8, 1881, http://infotrac. alegroup. com (accessed April 16, 2011). This newspaper article mentions an altercation between the Blackfeet and Cree where sixteen Cree were scalped because they stole the horses of the Blackfeet warriors. The fight took place in Canada and was reported in Milwaukee. The article shows that scalping was written about in newspapers during the late 19th century, though Milwaukee is much further ea st than the Blackfeet region. The battle took place at Fort Walsh which may have been in Alberta making it appropriate. Catlin, George. Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians. New York: Dover Publications, 1973. Catlin spent eight years during the 1830s travelling around the Great Plains collecting ethnographic information on different tribes and painting pictures of them and their lives. Part of his writings included a discussion of scalping and the scalp dance where he was rather defensive of the Indians. This gave me a sense of the views of his intended audience, which was abhorrence towards Indians for their savage practices. Chardon, Francis. Chardon’s Journal at Fort Clark, 1834-18439. Edited by Annie Heloise Abel. Pierre: Department of History, State of South Dakota, 1932. The content of Chardon’s Journal was fairly useless for me except a couple notes the editor entered by the Indian sub-agent John F. A. Sanford. Sanford discussed Blackfeet violence, and seemed to loath them. Since he was supposed to be somewhat of a diplomat to the tribes, this provides more insights to the sentiments towards the Blackfeet. Early Western Travels: 1748-1846. Vol. V. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co. , 1904. This volume contains a story which depicts a couple fur trappers who were attacked by the Blackfeet, or so they claim. One of the fur trappers, John Colter, survived the attack and made it back to a fort where he retold his tale. The other trapper was apparently killed and scalped. The validity of this story is impossible to verify, but the fact that he could tell the tale and have it believed (or at least written about) provides an idea of how Indians could have been used as scapegoats. Early Western Travels: 1748-1846. Vol. VI. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co. 1904 This volume called the Blackfeet â€Å"a ferocious savage race, who have conceived the most deadly hatred to the Americans† (28). Very helpful in showing opinions towards the Blackfeet. Early Western Travels: 1748-1846. Vol. VII. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co. , 1904 This volume turned out unhelpful. Early Western Travels: 1748-1846. Vol. XXI. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co. , 1904 This volume told a story of a white man with a small band of Blackfeet who invited a trapper to visit them. While in plain sight of a fort, the white man killed and scalped the trapper. How the man got away with this, it does not say. Editorial, The Richmond Examiner, July 5, 1864, http://infotrac. galegroup. com (accessed April 16, 2011). This newspaper column was discussing rules of engagement having little to do with Indians let alone Blackfeet. The opening statement describes how certain enemies were put to death â€Å"with as little ceremony †¦ as the backwoodsman does a painted Blackfoot or Comanche warrior when he is caught with a bloody scalp dangling from his girdle. † Showing me that in some areas the Blackfeet warriors were seen as constantly scalping and doing little else. Ewers, John. The Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958. Ewers spent a number of years living with and studying the Blackfeet tribe during the mid-20th century. Chapter seven â€Å"Raiding for Horses and Scalps† provided half a chapter worth of information discussing scalping from the Blackfeet point of view. The book provided excellent information but was still written by a white American and has difficulty encompassing the full Blackfeet opinion. Ewers, John. The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture, with Comparative Material from Other Western Tribes. Washington D. C. : U. S. Govt. Print. Off. , 1955. I decided to put this in the primary section because Ewers spent so much time talking with tribal elders and essentially writing ethnographies through them. The section on scalping in this book is short and provides only a small amount of basic information on the tradition. Gaines, Edmund P.. â€Å"It is Not an Act of War†¦ † The National Advocate, February 10, 1818, http://infotrac. galegroup. com (accessed April 16, 2011). Gaines describes an incident where seven people were massacred and scalped including a woman and infants. The gist of his article was to declare war upon the offenders because he has little confidence in friendly relations with the Indians. This publication in the early 19th century provided information on sentiment towards Indians. Grinnell, George Bird. Blackfoot Lodge Tales: The Story of a Prairie People. Williamstown, MA: Corner House Publishers, 1972. Grinnell spent a number of years with American Indians and was considered a close friend to the Blackfeet tribe. He also published a number of books on plains Indians. This particular book is his interpretation of a number of stories that were told to him by Blackfeet elders in which he tried to keep them as close to the literal translation as he could. I consider this a primary document because they are written oral tradition, even though they are translated into English. â€Å"Has Scalps by the Score. † The Owyhee Avalanche, April 28, 1899, http://infotrac. galegroup. com (accessed April 16, 2011). This article described a white man who scalped Indians for vengeance but I did not use it in final draft. King, Charles. â€Å"Indian Dances. The Sunday Oregonian, June 29, 1890, http://infotrac. galegroup. com (accessed April 16, 2011). In this article, King describes a number of dances performed by Indians and claims that across the nation tribes are pretty much all the same. This was great insight into how many white Americans felt about Indian tribes. But this showed me the possibility that if the Blackfeet are discussed in an article, it m ay not actually be the Blackfeet tribe. Lancaster, Richard. Piegan: A Look from Within at the Life, Times, and Legacy of an American Indian Tribe. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966. This book was Lancaster’s interpretation of Chief White Calf’s life story. Chief White Calf was born in the 1860s and participated in scalping at sometime during his life. This was rather late for scalping, but it showed how integral it was to the Blackfeet as White Calf was rather blunt about it. â€Å"A Report was in Town Yesterday†¦ † Missouri Republican, July 16, 1823, http://infotrac. galegroup. com (accessed April 16, 2011). This article discusses a trapping party that was attacked by a group of Blackfeet. The author of the article claims that the recollection is doubted by those acquainted with the subject. This goes to show that in many cases the news articles of scalping could have been exaggerated. â€Å"Seven Years a Prisoner of the Black Feet Indians: A Horrible History. † The Wisconsin State Register, July 2, 1871, http://infotrac. galegroup. com (accessed April 16, 2011). I found this publication to be published in two different Wisconsin newspapers and one in San Francisco. The atrocity of the story adds to the sentiments towards Blackfeet Indians and shows that it was widely published. Works Consulted-Secondary Andrews, Ralph Warren. Indians as the Westerners Saw Them. Seattle: Superior Pub. Co. , 1963. Andrews discusses scalping in chapter five. He describes some methods and motives of scalping. This book was helpful for a basic overview and opinionated view on scalping, but gave little tribal specific information. Axtell, James. â€Å"Scalping: The Ethnohistory of a Moral Question,† in The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America. Edited by James Axtell. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981. Axtell discussed the importance of understanding moral questions in context with their contemporaries. Although he did not discuss Blackfeet specifically, his work gave me a basis for assessing scalping rather than judging the act. Axtell, James. â€Å"Scalps and Scalping,† in Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Edited by Fredrick Hoxie. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1996. http://www. netlibrary. com (accessed March 30, 2011). In this work Axtell provides a basic overview of the act of scalping in a very similar fashion to that of Andrews. It was very broad and not tribal specific. Bastien, Betty. Blackfoot Ways of Knowing: The Worldview of the Siksikaitsitapi. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2004. Bastien, as a current historian, sought to describe the ways the Blackfeet tribe keeps their history and understands the world. Using this in support of Grinnell’s works, helps with the validity of using the Lodge Tales as a primary source. Binnema, Theodore. â€Å"Allegiances and Interests: Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) Trade, Diplomacy, and Warfare, 1806-1831. † The Western Historical Quarterly 37, no. 3 (2006): 327. This article claims that the Gros Ventres tribe was often grouped with the Blackfeet by early fur-traders. Binnema claims that the Gros Ventres were much more violent than the Blackfeet attributing to their reputation. This article also attributes to the fact that when the Blackfeet tribe is mentioned, it may not actually be the Blackfeet. Binnema, Theodore. â€Å"‘Like the Greedy Wolf’: The Blackfeet, the St. Louis Fur Trade, and War Fever, 1807-1831. † Journal of the Early Republic 29, no. 3 (2009): 411-440. This article discusses relations with the Blackfeet up until the period of peace between them and white Americans. Binnema discusses a number of contributions to the violence but does not discuss scalping in depth. The article is useful in understanding relations, but not so useful in the argument for Blackfeet scalping. Conaty, Gerald T. Review of Blackoot Ways of Knowing: The Worldview of the Siksikaitsitapi, by Betty Bastien. Histoire Sociale 38, no. 76 (2005): 499. Used for background on Bastien. Dempsey, Hugh A. â€Å"Blackfoot† in Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 13, pt. 1. Edited by Raymond J. DeMallie. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 2001. 604-628. Dempsey provides a somewhat detailed overview of the tribe itself but spends little time discussing warfare let alone scalping. This was helpful in gathering details but not so much in the discussion of scaping. Kipp, Darrell Robes. â€Å"Blackfoot† in Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Edited by Fredrick Hoxie. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1996. http://www. netlibrary. com (accessed March 30, 2011). This entry was only used for basic background knowledge of the Blackfeet. LaPier, Rosalyn. â€Å"Blackfeet† in Dictionary of American History. Vol 1. Edited by Stanley I. Kutler. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2003. http://go. galegroup. com (accessed March 21, 2011). This entry was only used for basic background knowledge of the Blackfeet. Sherrow, Victoria. â€Å"Scalping† in Encylopedia of Hair. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 2006. 344-45. This entry did not provide any information on Blackfeet specific customs. Spitzer, Allen. Review of The Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains, by John C. Ewers. American Anthropologist 61, no. 1 (1959): 145-146. Used for information on Ewers. Washburn, Wilcomb E. Review of Letters and Notes on the North American Indians, by George Catlin. The American Historical Review 81, no. 5 (1976): 1243. Used for information on Catlin.

Macbeth Tragedy Essays (554 words) - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth Tragedy The downfall of Macbeth was a great tragedy. He knew it was not right to kill the king, but he felt he had no other choice. He was trapped into doing wrong. Lady Macbeth gave him the evil ideas throughout the play. She was his driving force. Without her, Macbeth wouldn't have done what he did. Therefore, Lady Macbeth is as much of a main character as Macbeth is. Macbeth says, "Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires"(1.4.57-58). Here he is expressing that while he does want to become king and may have a few evil thoughts of how to achieve that dream, he does not plan to act on them. It is not until Lady Macbeth talks to him that he is a bit more convinced. Speaking of King Duncan, she states, "O, never shall sun that morrow see!" (1.5.71-72), basically ordering Macbeth to murder him in their own house. Lady Macbeth is obviously the evil one. That is apparent when she gets Macbeth's letter and responds by saying, "Yet do I fear thy nature. It is too full of the milk of human kindness"(1.5.16-17). This shows that she knows Macbeth will not murder Duncan on his own. She takes matters into her own hands and decides to convince him. Macbeth opens scene seven by giving a long list of reasons not to kill King Duncan. He is his ruler and kinsman, his guest, and a virtuous king. With this list of reasons Macbeth slowly convinces himself not to commit the murder. He then informs Lady Macbeth of his decision to "proceed no further in this business"(1.7.34). Lady Macbeth challenges that and calls him a coward, not a man. She accuses him of going back on his sworn word to her, and with very violent language declares that she would dash out the brains of her own baby, had she promised to as Macbeth had promised to kill Duncan. She then assures Macbeth that failure is impossible, at which point Macbeth is convinced once again to kill the king. Macbeth had resolved not to kill the king after much thinking about it, but Lady Macbeth persuaded him to do it. Not only did Lady Macbeth convince her husband to murder King Duncan, but she also made the arrangements to make it possible. At the beginning of Act two, scene two Lady Macbeth informs us that the guards are thoroughly intoxicated. She goes on to say, "I laid their daggers ready; He could not miss ?em"(2.2.15-16). Lady Macbeth made all the arrangements necessary for the murder of King Duncan, so that all Macbeth had to do was perform the act. In conclusion, Lady Macbeth convinced Macbeth to murder Duncan, convinced him again when he was unsure, and made all the proper arrangements which is why Lady Macbeth is as much of a main character of the play as Macbeth himself is. Macbeth did not want to murder Duncan in the first place until his wife talked him into it. Then, when he changed his mind, Lady Macbeth taunted him until he agreed once again to murder the king. Finally, Lady Macbeth made sure that everything was set up for the murder. On the surface it would appear that Macbeth was responsible for the murder since he committed the crime, but when more is read into it, it becomes clear that Lady Macbeth was more responsible.

Chinatown Essays

Chinatown Essays Chinatown Paper Chinatown Paper Essay Topic: Chinatown Film Chinatown (72) is Roman Polanskis take on the classical period of film noir (early 30s) using faithfully the formulas used during that period. Making this a neo noir (explained later in my essay). From the intro this is evident, sepia coloured background with the credits rolling before the film to a very distinct trumpet lead track, a definite ode to his idols black and white pictures. Film noir films are notoriously complex with many a twist and focus on a world of duplicitousness. The same is true with Chinatown, the basis of the story involves a small time Private Investigator (PI) Jake Gittes meeting a client who says her husband is cheating on her and could he investigate it. Mrs Evelyn Mulwray husband Hollis Mulwray is chief engineer for LAs waterboard, a proposal to help the desert state get the water it needs by getting a pipe from the Alto Vallejo Dam to LA. Hollis Mulwray refused to build it, as it was unsafe. Jake soon finds out he has been set up as his client is not Mrs Evelyn Mulwray but a fraud. The PI then caught Mr Hollis Mulwray on camera with a younger woman; Jake Gittes and Hollis Mulwray are in the newspaper about the proposed affair. Once Jake Gittes finds out that Evelyn Mulwray wants to sue him for the allegations and finding Hollis Mulwray has died he feels he must continue his case to find out about the truth on who has damaged his name and the problems with the water supply in LA. To determine whether Chinatown (Polanksi, 72) is a film noir we have to look at the codes and conventions in what makes a classic film noir. Every genre has certain rules in order to classify them otherwise they are something else. The same is true with Chinatown, if it didnt have certain lighting arrangements, certain characters and occupations or a dark and twisting story line (he story falls deeper and deeper into a constantly darkerning hole). it could be conceived as a simple crime caper. Though Film noir did evolve from the latter genre from the classic period of the 30s, film noir is riddled with style, from dark brooding, sharp lighting, double meanings, and very over the top characerture like characters. The lighting is incredibly important in a film even more so in establishing characters in Film Noir. In the first scene involving J.J Gittes is set inside his office, Film Noir lighting is marked by expressionistic lighting. This is very true of this scene. The vinician blinds create a very stark contrast to the well lit room, it could signifies clustraphobia, a prison like environment. Is Jake Gittes trapped within the refrainments of his job? Lighting can often propose questions in film noir. Again when Jake waits inside Mrs Mulwrays house, the house is incredibly dark as the bright sunshine peers through. This suggest to me the house carries a dark secret or is hiding something from easy viewing and the sun peering trough being the proverbial light at the end of the complex tunnel. And the final lighting norm for a film noir is the use of hats. Hats carry a shadow over the eyes. Edgar Allen Poe once wrote The eyes are the windows to the soul.. Eyes are beleieved to hold the truth. I believe this a metaphor for everyone in the film hiding their emotions and or secrets from each other. In-fact eyes are very important in Film Noir as we later find another link with eyes to the story line. Your eye. Something black in the green part of your eye. Its a flaw in the iris. This character as we later know has a flaw, and is destroyed by the end of the film when Mrs Mulwray is shot. The sound in Chinatown is very much an ode to the iconic music and structures used during the classical period. Scenes concentrate on dialogue and do not interrupt them with music. However when music is introduced it is very atmospheric, the use of sharp stabbing piano standing the hairs on the back of your neck and the wavey violins over the unnerving orchestra, swinging emotions back and forth. As Ive stated before film noir does have strict codes and conventions in order for an audience to reconise it as a film noir piece. The characture like characters can normally fall into four types. Them being the anti hero (Jake Gittes), femme fatale (Mrs Mulwray),an older man(Noah Cross) and a dutiful girl(Catherine). Although these are evident in Chinatown, there is slight variations on the more traditional characteristics. Mainly in the female characters of the film. Everlyn Mulwray can be percieved as a Femme Fatale. Her constant jittering and jumpy mannerisms suggest she is keeping something from Jake Gittes. This is especially evident in a scene when Mrs Mulwray after reconising her husband had an affair, is signing Jake on as her PI. Hollis and my father had a falling out. Not over me why would it be over me?Hollis felt the water should be in the public domain and my dad didnt agree. Infact it was about the banderlit dam. Hollis never forgave him when it broke. Aswell as a very visual metaphor of Everlyn lying whilst lighting a second cigarette Jake adds Youve already got one on the go. She deffiantly fits into her Femme fatale role. However it is evident though enticing Jake into bed and feeding him lies that it isnt for her social gain but to hide a dark secret and protect her insestual born child from ever finding out. The second female Catherine as the dutiful girl is also different from classic nior. In classical noir a dutiful girl often cute and the woman who the Anti hero would have a relationship with after being burnt by the femme fatale. However Catherine in Chinatown is different. Hidden for most of the movie due to the complex twist when she is revealed. She not the object of desire by Jake Gittes. She was born through an insestrual relationship between Everlyn Mulwray and her father Noah Cross. Instead Catherine is a metaphor for the public of LA. Innocence lost through no fault of her own she is being kept away from any problems she may not be able to handle. A lot like the residents and farmers of LA are being hid from the truth by authorities. Authorities being a cooperation in Chinatown. Neo noir which is a progression of noir in which noir films storylines represent present time and problems of that world. Todd Erickson article write that noir really only becomes a genre (neo-noir) in the 80s, when it emerges from its embryonic state in the sixties and seventies. Though this indeed set before WW2 the theme is of coperations running society via money and greed. Which leads onto Noah Crosses character. A greedy, incredibly wealthy, disgusting old man. Often linked with a younger girl in film noir and in this case it is his daughter/granddaughter. Also from my studying Ive noticed that older men seem to have ugly features and with these ugly features is a ugly personality of no morals. Cross is a metaphor for the coperation. Coperation are now commonaly known to rule governments and to have say in what the public should know. Cross is no different. However incredibly rich he is How much you worth. Over fourty million? Oh my yes! his power hungry attitude (Having sex with his daughter only suggests to me that he can do whatever he wants and certainly capable of anything.) He is blind from the power and will not stop at any ones expense. Again lighting shows him as a very dark character, covering his eyes once again as we couldnt possibly imagine his thoughts? And now finally our anti hero. Often PIs they are reluctently thrown into downward spirals that they must fight for their life to get out of. And in this neo noir Jake Gitties is no different from cliched characters of the past (I feel it could be linked to a satire of womens rights changing about the time of this film being made. Hence the womens roles have changed yet the mens roles are the same.) Gittes isnt moral laden as we see when he fights or talks to the police. He lies, he cheats to get where he wants to go. Nor as we also see is he right all the time. The film was shot so the audience only know what Jake Gittes knows, so we attach to him, though he is flawed there is a everyman about him and we as an audience attach to that. Throughout the film his morals change. Earning his living to keeping alive to also caring for Everlyn. You cannot help but be emotionally pulled by his enivitable devistation. This is more of an impact as Jake always has the right things to say to peop le. He is funny, witty and shrewd. Traits we cannot help but admire. Vladmir Propp a Theorist on narratives suggests that folklore mythology is so powerful as narrative structures that you could link almost all stories in contempory settings to folklore. Propps rules are 1. An interdiction is addressed to the hero dont go there etc 2. The interdiction is violated continues to find out about water system 3. Villain decieves victim to take possesions or belongingsTries to win confidence of victim (Noah Cross) Now normally the list would go onto saying Villain is defeated or is punished. Polanski ovboiusly set out to break these rules. Which gives a more natural true to life story. This is essentially what neo noir is. You are well aware of the rules and use them, however these rules are often bent into new directions to create stark narratives.

Consumer Behaviour LOral Male Grooming Range Assignment

Consumer Behaviour LOral Male Grooming Range - Assignment Example According to the research findings today world of cosmetics has advanced rapidly. From a simple moisturiser to anti-ageing emoluments to hair colours and lipsticks and all the range that is available for a consumer to consider is stupendous. Also, the numbers of companies who make these cosmetics enjoy a worldwide market for their products. One such leading name in cosmetics and beauty market is that of L’Oreal. The company was founded in France and was started in the year 1907. It started its production line by making simple basic dyes or hair colours. This small activity later branched out in many cosmetic products and continued to expand across the globe. Today the company makes a variety of products such as, make up, hair colours, hair care, skin care, etc. World over L’Oreal enjoys trust and faith of its millions of customers. L’Oreal has successfully integrated its values in the brand image they have built. It incorporated innovation, performance, style and value for money keeping in mind the environmental concerns and corporate responsibility it has towards people and consumers. L’Oreal has managed to build trust in the minds of consumers by consistently delivering quality products which ensure value for money. L’Oreal has successfully managed to build a brand image in all these steps of decision making process. Especially when it comes to alternative evaluation, choice and post-acquisition process L’Oreal has excelled its image building efforts. For a customer there is a wide variety to choose from over the counter. The choice becomes easy as the consumer is aware of the product and is comfortable using it. Post-acquisition or usage issues are solved by educating consumer properly. 1. Ensure that all our publicity and all our promotional material are based on proven results and scientific data. 2. Provide a true, reliable and accurate description of our products and their effects. 3. Do everything in our power t o ensure our consumers and customers can readily understand the purpose and correct usage of our products.2 These are some of L’Oreal Code of Business Ethics that are followed when the company assures that it is into responsible marketing and advertising promoting sustainable consumption. This ensures three significant perspectives the company undertakes when it markets for its products and services. 1. Creating a brand image that is instantly recalled by the customer for its trustworthiness and values 2. Having transparency established in consumer and manufacturer relationship 3. Creating awareness of its own products and its usage. All these add to various dimensions of the brand L’Oreal and give it an instant recall with values, ethics and trust. L’Oreal offers products in the range from luxury to consumer. Having various established brand names such as Diesel, Stella McCartney series, Maybelline. Fructis, L’Oreal offers a range to choose from. From Bo dy care to exclusive perfumes L’Oreal has it all, which gives a very comprehensive choice to the consumer. The fact that L’Oreal has been able to come up with such wide quality choice for the consumer is because of the company’s dedication to research and innovation in the interest of beauty. Some of the products are: L’

Development of Tourism in West London Assignment

Development of Tourism in West London - Assignment Example West London boasts many world class tourism assets and is a genuinely dynamic, vibrant and exciting place to visit. I believe this strategy will help West London to rise and meet the challenges ahead and I look forward to having the London Development Agency, West London Business, Visit London and the Boroughs work together to achieve the goals we have set here (London Development Authority, 2005). London's reputation as a world-class city is well-deserved. It is the place where the historic past and the vibrant present come alive. No other place in the world offers the range of sights, sounds and cultural diversity that London can boast. Visit London is passionate about London and we are committed to marketing all aspects of our great City. West London is a prime example of London's diversity. It is filled with a range of fascinating, multi cultural, enthralling destinations and products and it is this wide range of visitor experiences that will keep tourists coming back to London time and time again. The inception of this sub-regional tourism strategy is a positive step forward and we look forward to working in partnership with the London Development Agency and the sub-region to help to deliver the action plan (London Development Authority, 2005). West London - with a population of 1.4 million - is one of the most successful sub-regional economies in Europe with a 27 billion pound output. West London Business aims to sustain that success. A well established business-led organisation, West London Business is committed to supporting private and public sector interests in the sub-region and articulating their needs. The tourism and hospitality sectors make an important contribution to the West London economy and a dynamic tourism industry is an essential ingredient for continuing economic progress. West London offers a host of quality tourism and hospitality assets, which West London Business is keen to profile and promote. We are delighted, therefore, to be a key player in the implementation of this strategy. We look forward to working in partnership with the London Development Agency and Visit London to successfully deliver the actions that have been identified for the next two years (London Development Authority, 2005). Task 2 Question 2 Define a visioning (reference it) What is the vision outlined in this document 2-3 (sentences maximum) To develop London as an exemplary sustainable world city, based on interwoven themes: strong and diverse, long-term economic growth; social inclusion to give all Londoners the opportunity to share in London's future success; fundamental improvements in London's environment and use of resources. The following are the vision for the West London Tourism Development (London Development Authority, 2005): A Prosperous City , A City for People, An Accessible City, A Fair City and A Green City. Why is it necessary to vision It is necessary to have a vision because vision is the instrument in making a mission into a reality. Task 3 Question 3 What is the mission statement of the LDA (ONE sentence) The mission of

Analysis of The Transcription of Kenyon Universitys Commencement Essay - 23

Analysis of The Transcription of Kenyon Universitys Commencement Address Article - Essay Example The example of fish and the story of ‘the atheist and the religious person’ are interesting narratives that emphatically put across the salient thoughts of the writer. He says that when students become responsible adults, they get so wrapped up in their own individual pursuit of their ambitions in life that they forget to apply their basic human trait that calls for understanding and compassion for others. In the speech, he says that the academic degree gives us the necessary skills to move forward in our professional and private life but unfortunately it does not teach us to be aware of small things that make us happy. ‘Education is not so much about filling you up with knowledge as it is about quote teaching you how to think’ is one of the most profound parts of the speech. Wallace has touched the core of the education system and has made a direct hit. He says that academia gives us knowledge and a knowledge-based capacity to think. But unfortunately, it does not give one confidence to justifiably apply the wider perspectives of those informed choices on our day to day life! We are afraid to look at the different perspectives because that may not conform with our present aims and objectives. We, therefore, end up with a hard paced robotic life where ‘my and mine’ becomes omnipotent. He exhorts the students to become more flexible in their outlook and look beyond the fast-paced life of professionalism. He says that like an atheist, who refuses to acknowledge the two Eskimos as answers to his prayers, we are also deluding ourselves with our make-believe successes and unrealistic goals.

Philosophys Study Of Value Axiology Essay

Philosophys Study Of Value Axiology Essay It follows from questions Q-Q of the interview that the price defines the current value of the object auctioned. The process of accepting or amending the price seems to be, at least to an extent, both irrational and random. How much irrational or how much rational is that process? To answer this question, we have to elucidate the nature of value. In philosophy, the study of value is called axiology, derived from the Greek (worth), and (the knowledge of). Axiology was developed a century ago, mainly by Paul Lapin (1902) and E. von Hartmann (1908). It focuses on two kinds of values: aesthetics and ethics. The former studies what beauty and harmony are, while the latter puts emphasis on what is wrong and what is right in the social conduct of individuals. A mathematical approach to this topic, resulting in formal axiology, is the brainchild of Robert S. Hartman (1967). Hartmans contribution is unique in the sense that his Formal Axiology is the only social science in which a one-to-one relationship exists between the dimensions of axiology and mathematics. If axiology is viewed as a collective name for aesthetics and ethics, it is similar to value theory. The latter teaches about the value of things. A thing in this context may be anything: an object, a person, or an idea. The study encompasses what people value, how they value it and why they value it. The results may be slightly different in the fields of philosophy, psychology, economics, or sociology. In the realm of psychology, value theory is applied to the study of how people are affected by their values. The object of study is how people develop a set of values, and how they subsequently profess and believe in these values. Even more important is how people act or fail to act on their values. The answer to the question how human behaviour may be guided, fail to be guided or be misguided by a set of values, or why people choose or prefer some things to others, or why and how certain values emerge at different stages of human physical and intellectual development, has not been found yet. Human beings are social animals and as such animals, they congregate in groups and communities. Each group or community may have its own values, usually different from the values and priorities of another community. The community values interact with personal values. The nature of the interaction and its impact on personal values or their change is the subject of sociological studies. Among prominent scientists who studied these topics, viewing value as an independent variable, we find Max Weber, Jà ¼rgen Habermas, or Émile Durkheim. Returning to the axiology view, the value can be viewed as relations between subjects and objects. Through these relations, the social, group, or individual evaluations of certain material, human or natural qualities are expressed in hierarchical and polarised forms. These forms fill ideals, needs, or desires adapted to the time and space in which they occur. Three levels can be distinguished in the determination of their essential type. They can be studied on the pragmatic level (Why?), on the syntactic level (How?), and on the semantic level (What?). Value is multidimensional: (more BS, p.1) For this purpose, Nadine (2003) defines an axiological system S = (M, à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å", I), where M is the class of representative structures, à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å" is the class of interdependent objects or other entities I is the class of interpretations (assignments) given to the structures. The system S can function in a number of ways, and subsystems can be associated to it. A complex axiological system may thus be generated. Nadin (2003) has derived the following operations and relations can be established between any two axiological systems S1 and S2: S1 is the subsystem of S2 S1 is complementary to S1 S1 and S2 are equal Union of S1 and S2 exists Intersection of S1 and S2 exists An empty system exists S1 and S2 are independent Similar relationships can be defined for the predicates. Nadine has also shown the categories and morphisms of the systems mentioned. ** ** ** ** ** The term creating value has an aura of mystery about itself. How do we create value? And, indeed, what is value? And how does it relate to luxury? These are the important questions that will be addressed in this chapter. A product attains the status of luxury good because of its unique intrinsic properties, such as design, performance, durability, quality and reliability. At least some of these properties must be perceived as considerably superior to comparable common substitutes. Quality The term value has been treated extensively in philosophy, as well as in economy. In spite of this, or perhaps because of it, there is no unified definition of value. There are definitions appropriate for the respective perspectives of value. Therefore, creating value may seem a sheer contradiction. The first approximation to understanding value is the realization that in many instances value is time, space and person dependent. For instance, Arabian horses were very valuable as recently as a century ago. But they were appreciated mainly by the male population, and only in those social circles that could afford owning an Arabian horse. Nowadays, with the car being the king of the road, owning a horse, even the most extraordinary one, is not a matter of prestige. This simple example illustrates that value is a perceived property. Its model necessarily must comprise at least some of the value categories: emotional, economic, and social. Among the components of the emotional category, most outstanding are beauty, durability, exclusiveness, and perhaps also a sense of belonging caused by the high cost of luxury. Each of these dimensions is complex enough to be scrutinized separately. Some people believe that beauty, whether in humans or in nature, obeys a mathematical law. Based on countless observations, it can be stated that living organisms, plants, animals, or human beings, grow according to a precise mathematical law given by the geometrical ratio of 1:1,618. It is called the Golden Ratio, or the Divine proportion, obtained by a precise mathematical procedure. Two quantities are in the Golden Ratio if their sum divided by the larger quantity is equal to 1,1618 (its reciprocal is 0,618). It is based on the Fibonacci Sequence, in which each member is a number obtained as the sum of the previous two number. By and by, any successive pair of the Fibonacci series will result in the ratio mentioned, called ÃŽÂ ¦. The interesting observation is that this ratio, ÃŽÂ ¦ = 1:1,1618, appears consistently in beautiful things in nature, architecture, the arts, or living beings. Many beautiful pictures illustrating the Phi, as well as explaining the secrets of the G olden Ratio, can be found at the Golden Ratio website. The logos of Atari, Nissan and Toyota, obeying the Golden Ratio law, the metric dimensions of paper formats, shells, credit cards, architectonic drawings, too, can be found at the Golden Ratio website. Some time ago, the press reported that Dr Marquardt, a facial surgeon from California, had constructed a mask of the human face based on ÃŽÂ ¦. This beautiful face displays the proportion everywhere: in the skull, the positioning of the eyes, the length of the nose, or the size of the teeth. The mask conforms to todays standards of beautiful faces, regardless of race. Moreover, it also agrees with pre-modern paintings, antique statues, or old-time movie stars. This might lead us to believe that facial beauty is invariant over time and across cultures. Is it then not tempting to conclude that beauty, quantified by a mathematical ratio, is not remarkable at all, that beauty is the property of the visible surface, and that philosophizing on what beauty means is a waste of time? Perhaps not quite yet. Beauty, indeed, is in the eyes of the beholder, but it goes beyond physical attractiveness, so intensely blared by the media and popular culture. Beauty in the context of luxury includes also authenticity, kindness, wisdom, happiness, love, dignity, and self-realization. The possibilities for the beautiful to be known have thus been extended infinitely. Because luxury may very well depend on this kind of beauty derived not only from physical objects, but also from human interaction perceived as valuable to a specific individual. Again, beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. Durability, too, may have a great many meanings to different individuals. A general dictionary definition (Merriam-Webster, website) states that something that is durable is able to exist for a long time without significant deterioration. These terms are technical because, indeed, durability is most often of interest to engineers and businessmen. It refers to unchanged properties or performance of a product with reference to some environmental or application-related conditions. Most often, durability of industrial products is achieved or enhanced by a proper choice of materials, clever design, and surface treatment. Durability may be a preferred property of objects including luxury objects. For instance, gems or precious metals are durable. The durability is given by their resistance to environmental influences, which is an inherent property of these materials. Durability is further corroborated by their aesthetic features. Non-objects, for instance luxury holidays, or sumptuous meals, can hardly be durable longer than what is acceptable, which is a relatively short time. Exclusiveness is a perceived property per se, but it may also be viewed as a component of durability. Exclusiveness is predominantly a product of craftsmanship applied to luxury items. This is what gives a luxury item a life. A mass-produced item, no matter how beautiful, lacks the touch of the spirit of its creator, and never makes the same impression as a hand-made object. Personalized production, combined with exquisite design, makes luxury objects invariant in time, and resistant to fashion fluctuations. Because luxury items are not available to everyone, the narrow segment of the population that can afford them makes up a virtual club. The sheer belonging to the club tickles many peoples imagination about the social status or importance they acquire if the public associates them with the exclusive club. It may or may not be so. The economic aspects of luxury seem to be simple to grasp. Luxury costs a lot of money. That is the simple conclusion most people would be tempted to draw. The actual relationships holding between luxury objects and their users are, however, vastly more complex. In the realm of economics, human beings are viewed as consumers. Their revealed preferences for various goods are considered indicators of the fact that those goods are of value. Self-evident as this statement may sound, it generates a contradiction between various political or religious influences, and a struggle over what goods should be available on the market. Market goods must be owned, if the market system is to provide information on the consensus on certain essential questions concerning individual and society, and the ecosystems affected by the market transactions. The term market goods is too constrained, as the taxonomy of goods is much more complex. First, a distinction has to be made between moral and material goods. Moral goods is anything a person is expected to be morally obligated to strive for. The study of this kind of goods belongs to the realm of ethics. People and their conduct may thus deserve praise or blame in a given system. Natural goods is any kind of goods that is palpable. The discipline that deals with natural goods is economics. Luxury goods, too, are natural goods. A complement to this is the distinction between moral and non-moral goods. A non-moral good is something that one or more individuals desire. A non-moral good may include moral goods, but includes predominantly material goods. There is a mental distinction between these two views of goods. If one says: Fred is a good pianist, and This meal was very good, the meaning of the qualifier good is not interchangeable. It has a different sense: accomplished in the former case, and delicious in the latter. Another important distinction is that between economic goods and moral goods. The former is anything that stimulates economic growth. So, for instance, alcohol has an exchange value in that it stimulates economic growth. Thus, alcohol is economically good. Since there are circumstances when it may be harmful to a persons body, and even have a negative social effect, alcohol can hardly ever be regarded as a moral goods. Several other taxonomies exist. To value, in the realm of goods, means to determine an essential type of goods, decide that things are in some relation to each other, and that one thing is better than another. Thus, to value is to prioritize. Valuations in the sense of assigning higher value to some things and lower value to other things, is a consistent pattern of deciding what is good. Being a persons manner of thinking, it is strictly individual. The manner in which a person reaches conclusions about things, and the unique pattern of thinking and assigning value is called the Value Structure. Its principal components comprise thinking about objects, discerning their different aspects, making judgment and choosing, in other words, it involves the processes of filtering, storing, and analyzing data. *** However, as the real luxury market moves into the stratosphere, its leaving open a vast universe in which mass marketers can fulfill the neo-luxury desires of mass consumers. And these consuming masses have shown strong evidence they are ready, willing and able to pay premium prices for products and services that were once considered commodities. From ice cream to bottled water, beer to potato chips, coffee to coffee pots, washing machines to power saws, there isnt a mass-market category that hasnt jumped onto the up-branding bandwagon-and a very wise jump it is. Adding a premium product to an already strong brand name is a great way to drive brand growth and drive up margins. In fact, it can cast a positive halo over the entire brand family of products, making them all seem worth more. While this incredible market opportunity was recognized most presciently by brands such as Target and Trader Joes, its no longer a trend. Thanks to the internet and other media channels, consumers have changed too: People are more informed and more worldly-wise than ever before. Theres greater awareness of whats sophisticated, whats hot and, more important, whats cool. Having long satisfied their need for the basics, midlevel American consumers are no longer content with midlevel products and services. With basic water needs satisfied, for example, American consumers want Evian, Deja Blue, Glaceau or any bottled-water brand carried in Patagonia water pouches by athletes, movie stars and politicians. Consumers may get hungry, but no basic burger will do: Nieman Ranch beef cooked on one of Frontgates sleekest grills followed by a Tassimo espresso is the only way upbranders will go. Some even think theyll be loved far better if they use Olay Regenerist and Crest Vivid White and launder their Victoria Secrets in Whirlpool Duets. On another level, given all the stresses of the world, there seems to be an increasing desire to take care of me. People want a bit of luxury however they can get it. Starbucks, early on, recognized that while not everyone can afford to go to Tiffanys, they can enjoy the small indulgence of a grande nonfat latte. The coffee costs $5-a small price to pay to treat oneself well.

Comparing Cousin Kate and The Seduction Essay -- Christina Rossetti Ei

Comparing Cousin Kate and The Seduction In this coursework I will be comparing the two poems ‘Cousin Kate’ by Christina Rossetti and ‘The Seduction’ by Eileen McAuley. The two poems have many similarities but there are also some differences between them. To begin I will give an introduction to both the poems. Cousin Kate is about a cottage maiden that is tricked into having an affair with a rich Lord. She is then betrayed by the Lord who decides to dump her. He then marries her Cousin Kate who is much more beautiful than her and who has not yet lost her virginity. The Lord completely forgets about the maid after abandoning her and leaves her all alone. The maiden later realises that she is pregnant with a baby boy who is the son of the lord. The poem ends with the cottage maiden being an outcast because she has got pregnant before getting married but also with her feeling triumphant because here son will one day be the heir to the Lord’s lands. The Seduction is about a 16 year old girl who has a one night stand with a boy whom she meets at a party. The boy is into bad habits like drinking and taking drugs. He offers the girls some drinks and once she is very drunk he takes her to the docks near a river where he sleeps with her. After that night the girl never sees the boy again and realises 3 months later that she is pregnant. Her life is completely destroyed by her pregnancy. She has no more friends and nobody will ever speak to her again. She feels very bitter as to how her life has been ruined due to one mistake and how she has become an outcast. She ends the poem extremely disillusioned with life and how it has treated her. There are many differences between the two poems. The two poems took ... ...drinks and fallen into the boys trap. I prefer the poem Cousin Kate because in this poem the maiden has some hope for her future in the end because her son will be the heir to the lord’s estates. She has something to look forward too. She can also feel triumphant because her Cousin Kate will not have nay children. The ending of the seduction though is much bleaker with the girl having no hope for her future and even feeling like committing suicide. I think the attitude to teenage pregnancy was almost the same in both these poems even though they were set in different times. Even today the attitude to teenage pregnancy is very bad and girls who get pregnant in their teen years are treated as outcasts by society which is very wrong. Even if a girl does get pregnant society has to accept the fact that she has made a mistake and give her another chance.

The Holy Bible: the Ultimate Ufo Encounter?

It tells the story of the birth and death of a savior (God's son, Jesus Christ) and the many miracles he performed wrought his life. However, to some people it is so much more. Some people claim that the Bible disguises a history of something that many people fall to recognize. Vehicles in the sky, angels, and even strange abductions are all detailed within the pages of the Holy Bible, and they reveal a fascinating possibility; the possibility that it is not only the sacred text of Christianity, but also documented evidence of the world's very first unidentified flying object (OF) and alien encounters.One of the most interesting aspects of the Bible is the dozens of passages that meme to Indicate some sort of â€Å"vehicle† In the sky, or what might now be referred to as a OF. One of the most notable stories in the Bible is that of Moses leading the Israelites out of Egypt. Exodus 13:21-13:22 describes a mysterious â€Å"pillar of cloud† that guides the Israelites on th eir Journey, stating â€Å"By day the Lord went ahead of them in a pillar of cloud to guide them on their way and Wagner 2 by night In a pillar of fire to give them light, so that they could travel by day or night.Neither the pillar of cloud by day nor the pillar of fire by night left its place in front of the people. (The Holy Bible New International Version) Imagine being from biblical times and trying to describe a OF without having the modern words to do so. One might describe a large object hovering overhead as being kind of like a cloud. However, clouds do not lead people to safety, and they do not emit a fire-like glow by night, so it is clear that these verses are not referring to a literal cloud.By realizing that this object hovering above the Israelites and leading them to safety could not have been a literal cloud, it must be considered that there was some kind of advanced technology assisting them on their Journey. In biblical runes, this type of advanced technology was certainly not of earthly origin, and that can lead to only one conclusion; If there was, In fact, some kind of object hovering above the Israelites, lighting their way, and leading them to safety, the technology had to have come from a planet other than Earth.In the book of Ezekiel, there Is again a reference too â€Å"cloud. † Ezekiel describes his encounter in verse 1:4 by saying â€Å"l looked, and I saw a windstorm coming out of the north-?an immense cloud with flashing lightning and surrounded by a brilliant light. The center of the fire looked like glowing metal†¦ He continues in verse 1 6 describing â€Å"This was the appearance and structure of the wheels: They sparkled like chrysalises, and all four looked alike. Each appeared to be made like a wheel intersecting a wheel. (The Holy Bible New International Version) In these passages Ezekiel has seen a huge metallic looking cloud surrounded by bright flashing lights which appears to be a â€Å"wheel intersecti ng a wheel†. Toys Wagner 3 In comparing what Ezekiel witnessed with a modern day OF sighting, the similarities are astounding. The normal description off OF is pretty standard. Eyewitness counts usually focus on the high rate of speed at which the object travels; the bright, flashing lights; the shiny, silvery, or metallic color; its large size; and the shape as being disc shaped with a round center.By comparing eyewitness descriptions such as this with the description that Ezekiel gave, it is clear that the two descriptions are uncannily similar. Buffo's travel at a high rate of speed; the â€Å"cloud† that Ezekiel saw came out of the north like a â€Å"windstorm. † Buffo's have bright, flashing lights; Ezekiel â€Å"cloud† had â€Å"flashing lightning† and was â€Å"surrounded by a brilliant light. † A OF is metallic in appearance, Just like the â€Å"glowing metal† of Ezekiel â€Å"cloud. † A OF is disc-shaped with a round ce nter, or one might describe it as â€Å"a wheel intersecting a wheel. † In this passage, Ezekiel has seen something that he has no word for.The object that he saw was something that he could not identify, so he has to describe it to the best of his ability instead. The object that he saw was also clearly flying out of the north like a â€Å"windstorm†. Therefore, by definition, Ezekiel has seen a OF. One of the most well known stories in The Bible is the birth of Jesus Christ and the here wise men who followed a star to Bethlehem to see the newborn King. Matthew 2:9 says that â€Å"After they had heard the King, they went on their way, and the star they had seen in the east went ahead of them until it stopped over the place where the child was. When they saw the star they were overjoyed. (The Holy Bible New International Version) Stars do not move and stop, Just as clouds do not lead people to safety. Looking up at the night sky if is often very easy to mistake an air plane for a star. However, they obviously did not have airplanes in biblical times, Wagner 4 o whatever was leading the wise men to baby Jesus had to have been something that was not of this world. The Holy Bible also includes passages that tell of God's angels visiting earth to bring messages to our biblical ancestors. To many these accounts of angels descending from the heavens act as further proof of alien existence. â€Å"By definition angels are otherworldly.Angels are extraterrestrials. They're not from this planet. So really, by definition, E. It's and angels are the same. Now our modern conceptions of E. It's have changed, but go back thousands of years when angels lived among our biblical ancestors. They didn't call them E. It's. They called them angels, but they knew they were not of this world†¦ Not of this planet. † (Barnes) Bill Bribes, author and publisher of OF magazine said in an interview on the History Channel's series Ancient Aliens. When asked to desc ribe an angel most people would describe a being that looks very much like a human with wings on its back.However, the actual biblical text rarely describes angels as having bird-like appendages, which causes many people to wonder where this depiction of angels as having wings originated. Jason Martial, author of Knowledge Apocalypse, revises an interesting theory. â€Å"If they saw someone, a human being or humanoid, flying in the skies they could only give it a natural review†¦ Giving it wings. I don't think they actually had wings. It was ancient man's way of saying they had the power of flight† (Martial) he states in an interview for an episode of Ancient Aliens.Erich Von Daniel, author of Chariots of the Gods? Adds â€Å"Use the word extraterrestrials Instead AT ten word AT angel . Use ten word AT a leader AT extraterrestrials Instead AT archangel. If you change a few words in the old text, a few key words, you change the ensue of the old text. † (Daniel) Peo ple in biblical times did not speak the way we do in this modern day and age, not to mention the fact that details Wagner 5 sometimes get lost in translation. By understanding this it becomes quite clear that the words angels and aliens could quite possibly be referring to the same thing.The Bible also includes accounts of â€Å"fallen angels†. Genesis 6:1-6:3 states â€Å"When men began to increase in number on the earth and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were beautiful, and they married any of them they chose. (The Holy Bible New International Version) The book of Enoch, found among the Dead Sea scrolls in the late sass's, gives a similar account. Enoch 6:1-6:3 states â€Å"And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto them beautiful and comely daughters.And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and lusted after them, and said to one another: ‘Come, let us chose us wiv es from among the children of men and beget us children. † The book of Enoch also refers to these angels as â€Å"watchers† or â€Å"guardians of the sky' (Ancientness. Org). The children born from these unions of the sons of God and the daughters of man produced the Oenophile, which the book of Enoch and the Bible both refer to as a race of giants. However, the word Oenophile has also been translated to mean â€Å"mighty men† (Dictionary. Com).Ancient astronaut theorists agree. They suggest that the term refers not to the Nephritis's size, but to their super- human abilities. Giorgio A. Outclass, publisher of Legendary Times magazine presents the question â€Å"Were they giants or is that the wrong word and the correct word should be extraterrestrial? Because then, in my opinion, it makes more sense cause so far I have not seen an original fossil of a giant bone. † (Outclass) The fact that these fallen angels, or â€Å"watchers† were obviously not from this planet is already proof that, by definition, they are aliens.By considering the possibility that the translation of â€Å"mighty men† Wagner 6 refers not to the physical size of these beings, but to their super-human strength or intelligence it can only further substantiate this claim. Enoch himself, it seems, had many interactions with these angels, and with God. Chapter 5 of Genesis is a written account of the lineage from Adam to Noah. It also states how old each person lived to be before they died, all except for Enoch. The account of Nosh's life in chapter 5 of Genesis is very different from the accounts of his ancestors and predecessors.Genesis 5:21-5:24 states â€Å"When Enoch had lived 65 years, he became the father of Methuselah. And after he became the father of Methuselah, Enoch walked with God 300 years and had other sons and daughters. Altogether, Enoch lived 365 years. Enoch walked with God; then he was no more, because God took him away. † (Th e Holy Bible New International Version) The first lien abduction case is widely reported to be that of Betty and Barney Hill in 1964. However, ancient astronaut theorists disagree. They point to this passage in Genesis as proof that Enoch was the very first alien abduction case.Chapter 5 of Genesis makes it quite clear that Enoch did not die like his other relatives. It is also clear that he did not Just go missing. He walked with God, and then God took him away. In 2nd Kings, chapter two there is again mention of a person being taken away without along. Verse 11 AT chanter two tells ten story AT Elijah Delving taken up to nave Ana ascribes that as Allies and Elijah were â€Å"walking along and talking together, suddenly a chariot of fire and horses of fire appeared and separated the two of them, and Elijah went up to Heaven in a whirlwind. (The Holy Bible New International Version) Again, in biblical times they did not have a word for this â€Å"chariot of fire† that descen ded down from the skies and took Elijah away. Wagner 7 They could only describe what they saw in their terms, so they called it a chariot, meaning a So clearly, what is being described in this passage is a OF; it was an object that they could not identify flying through the skies, and it took Elijah p into Heaven. In the book of Psalms there is a very interesting description of God. Chapter 18 gives the account of how God saved David from the hand of all his enemies and from the hand of Saul.Verse 18:6 states â€Å"In my distress I called to the LORD; I cried to my God for help. From his temple he heard my voice; my cry came before him, into his ears. † Verses 18:7-18:10 continues by saying â€Å"The earth trembled and quaked, and the foundations of the mountains shook; they trembled because he was angry. Smoke rose from his nostrils; consuming fire came from his mouth, burning coals blazed out of it. He parted the heavens and came down; dark clouds were under his feet. He m ounted the cherubim and flew; he soared on the wings of the wind. (The Holy Bible New International Version) These passages provide a description that sounds astoundingly similar to that of some kind of aircraft. â€Å"The earth trembled and quaked, and the foundations of the mountains shook†; the aircraft is landing, vibrating the earth as a helicopter or airplane landing would. â€Å"Smoke rose from his nostrils; consuming fire came from his mouth, burning coals blazed out of it†; a picture of a space shuttle taking off depicts the very same image scribed here, only in this case it is happening during landing. He parted the heavens and came down; dark clouds were under his feet†; again there is a reference to a cloud, and God was apparently on this â€Å"cloud†, or vehicle. â€Å"He mounted the cherubim and flew; he soared on the wings of the wind†; one definition of Wagner 8 cherubim is â€Å"a celestial being†, so the description here is quite clear. God mounted this celestial vehicle and flew up into the sky. The Holy Bible was written as a true account of what our biblical ancestors witnessed. These are not fairy tales or made- p stories.The ancient people who wrote the books of the Bible fully believed in everything they were writing, Just as modern man would Journal his own experiences as accurately as possible. However, our biblical ancestors did not have the modern terminology to explain the things that they saw as we would today. They explained what they saw as accurately as they could using terms that made sense to them. As author and ancient astronaut theorist Erich Von Daniel said â€Å"If you change a few words in the old text, a few key words, you change the sense of the old text. Daniel)† Our biblical ancestors did not know the word OF.Instead, they described a strange pillar of cloud which followed them, lit their way by night, and led a nation to safety. They described a star that led them too savior. They tell of a strange metallic â€Å"wheel intersecting a wheel† that descends from the heavens like a â€Å"whirlwind†. Just as they did not know the word OF, they did not know the word extraterrestrial alter. I nesses Delves Tanat ascended Trot ten sky on great clouds and in great chariots of fire were clearly much, much more advanced than them, so ancient man felt that they had to be Gods, angels, guardians of the sky, or watchers.