Environment, Culture, Ethnicity and Health Essay - 2

Environment, Culture, Ethnicity and Health - Essay Example At that time, the community was organized and incorporated and its first priest was Fr. Michael Sarris. In 1916, a home had been purchased and converted into the first Greek Orthodox Church of Jacksonville. The "godfather", so to speak, of the church was Rev. Parthenios Kolonis from Patmos, Greece, and had been granted the name of St. John the Divine of the parish.(Originally named The Church of the Revelation of St. John the Divine (Theodoratus, 1971). On April 17, 1919, the community purchased a larger church facility in the downtown area from the Christian Science Congregation. This building, for the next 39 years would see innumerable weddings, baptisms, funerals, and visits, by many high ranking clergymen. As far as can be determined, the consecration of this church was in the early to mid-1920s by the late Archbishop Alexander (Theodoratus, 1971). In many ways, the history of this parish reflects a process-- a process of the establishment and assimilation of Greek Orthodoxy within the American context. From the 1920s until today, through the struggles to build, to finance, and to educate, the parish finds itself at a new point of impact. Though the foundations are now firm, their greatest mission, that of preserving and furthering the Orthodox faith and their heritage as good Americans lies in the future (Theodoratus, 1971). They are now upgrading with emphasis on the importance of the Greek Orthodox religion by promoting educational, cultural, social and athletic activities. In large part, this decrease has resulted from the desire of parents to provide adequately for their children and to have them educated so they can achieve professional status. The method of limiting pregnancies has changed from control of gestation to control of conception (Papadopoulos, 1998). In Greece, abortions were not legal but were commonly performed by physicians. In the United States, a wide variety of birth

Samuel Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay Example for Free

Samuel Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay In the history of ancient poets, there emerged great writers who correlated the underpinning lifestyles on social life they believed in. Merited information on their writing remains tangible and historical based to disseminate the realities of many beliefs and conducts made in different scenarios people found themselves in. ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ is one of the longest poems in writing history written by Samuel Coleridge in 1798 (Rubasky, 1). Ideas of sin, penance, and redemption are denotable from this poem in relation to the ancient approaches of acts of sin, the encountering of the sinners, and the relatable redemption after several befalling of scenarios as discussed in this study. Intensity and consequences of the victim are elaborative in this study to bring light on the reality of religion and traditional perspectives of this ancient community. People may enter into an erroneous situation just after a prolonged happiness whereby things seemed to run seamlessly. A situation where people are undergoing joy of perfection due to past or current situation does not sanctify the occasion as repel from bad moments occurring. As Mariner interrupts the wedding progression, the commencement of his story seams enticing as stated by Coleridge, â€Å"The Wedding-Guest sat on a stone: He cannot choose but hear; And thus spake on that ancient man, The bright-eyed Mariner† (20). Human beings have a tendency of being carried away by merry moments, which leads to misconception due to filled anxiety. It is therefore upon this anxiety where people involve themselves in overdoing things and make them go astray. As the Couch writes on Coleridge’s argument, everything for the sailing journey seemed good until the ship crossed the line (30). Storm-blast reigned in tyrannous nature and immense strength, hitting the ship, and changing its sail-way to South Pole. Forced to icy land with fearful sounds and no sign of living things, Albatross sea-bird, indentified as a bird of good omen; ‘Christian soul’ came along and was served hospitably (75). Due to repeated guidance and reliance of food and play to the sailors, the ancient mariner mistook and shot the bird to death. Fellow shipmates cried out, aroused by the act considered taboo, the mariner sinned, he did not solve the stormy issue but instead the wind blew continuously. Until the ceasing of mis t and the rise of glorious sun, the shipmates accomplice the crime of killing an innocent, bird of good luck. Regarding this reality, people used assumptions and diverse views on sin commitment and could not indentify the exact act that could predominately refer to sin. Some seemed to honor their Supreme God as they viewed the bird as an amicable messenger of Him yet failed on supporting the mariner’s killing of Albatross. Numerous religious artifacts have proved that when people involve themselves in wrongdoing, the vengeful moment has to follow. It is a factual ideology that started in ancient days whereby people are bound by ethical fundamentals, which govern the code of conduct in everyday life. Good things are relatable to not sinful while bad or harmful things, physically and emotionally, are relatable to sinning. Moreover, as LibriVox argues, the belief traces back to the mariners time whereby after committing sin, one was applicable to a kind of penance of religious punishment to settle the bad omen brought to the community. For instance, the killing of Albatross brought stiff detrimental views to the shipmates by associating the challenges they faced with the killing. Appalling things revolved around their journey at the point of ‘slimy sea’ as the sailor’s lack of a single drop to drink and the occurrence of dancing death-fires at nights which camouflaged in different colors. Scary nightmares and follow up of evil spirits from land to the snowy sea frightened the shipmates that led to disillusioned actions of the accompaniments of the ancient mariner. They hanged dead Albatross on his neck in the verge of easing and appealing the worsening spirits activities against their wellbeing. As Coleridge states, â€Å"Instead of the cross, the Albatross, About my neck was hung† (140). Punishment intensity climaxed when Spectre-Woman appeared with barking and dreadful sounds and caused an additional fear to the shipmates. There was Albatross killing, and so was the punishment inevitable. She was capable of thickening human blood with cold, an act she practiced to the other men who sailed with the ancient mariner. It is clear from the poet’s elaboration that killing the man who killed Albatross would not be as severe to his punishment as killing the men he sailed with and continue sailing alone in the midst of snowy sea. Mariner’s shipmates were killed in a fast and remorseful manner whereby they dropped one after the other, dead. In the assurance of maximum torment to the mariner, every man’s soul was identifiable as they crossed his face like the whizz of his crossbow shot. Penance defined the nature of correcting the supernatural intrusions since the devilish signs on scary scenarios and human killing implicated vengefulness . However, it is denotable from the poem that praying, communicating to God, would definitely give a saving solution from the erroneous moment the sinful people go through despite that fact that the mariner was unable to utter prayers substantively due to the scenario inflicted upon him. Human beliefs tend to involve powerful meanings and associate tremendous results, especially when one relies on their spell capabilities. Beliefs make people position their minds in a hopeful manner through imagination and faith in the verge of seeking substantive help in difficult situations. The deliverance point is referred to as redemption, which comes after great commitment on the visionary worship to one’s supreme being of believing. The Mariner’s consistence in praying to the Supreme God, he believes in, emerges vital towards his safety sailing back to his native country. The spell of the disillusioned sailing destiny began to loosen up when Albatross’ body fell from his neck to the water, sinking like a lead metal. His praising was through ‘Mary Queen’ as he claimed to have sent him gentle sleep from heaven (295). To his amazement, the ancient mariner woke up just to realize it was raining. Refreshment to his body and the termination of his thirst was grateful. Different voices argue that the man had his penance and salvation moment reached. Caring spirit, which had sent a loving bird to the man, the man who killed it, sailed the ship without winds to the man’s native country. Total redemption had been achieved through penance and seeking of forgiveness. Work Cited Coleridge, Samuel. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. New York: D. Appleton. 1798. Print. Couch, Quiller. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 1772–1834: 549. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. 1919. Web. 6 February 2013. LibriVox. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: By Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834). 2012. Web. 6 February 2013. Rubasky, Elizabeth. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’: Coleridge’s Multiple Models of Interpretation. New York: The Coleridge Bulletin. 2004. Print.

HPV & Cervical Cancer Essay -- HPV Cancer, Cervical Cancer

HPV & Cervical Cancer - What Every Woman Should Know   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was eighteen years old when I had my first abnormal pap smear. I received a call from my OB/GYN's office and was informed that I had the Human Papilloma Virus show up on my pap smear. This was the first pap smear I had ever had, and I was terrified. The news got worse. I researched this virus and learned that it was actually a sexually transmitted disease that could either cause cervical cancer, or genital warts! I didn’t understand, I had been with my boyfriend for five years and he was my first partner. How could I have contracted a sexually transmitted disease?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I had a biopsy done to test my cervix for cancer. The results were normal, and I was told I would need to have a pap smear done every three months. I followed the doctor’s orders, and within six months had a normal pap smear. At that point, I was nineteen years old. Things resolved and my annual pap smears were normal. That was up until a year ago.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once again, I had an abnormal pap smear. This time however, I was 30. The same procedure was followed, another biopsy of the cervix. This showed no invasive cancer. Three months later I had yet another abnormal reading. This time the results were worse. I was puzzled, and I didn’t understand why after eleven years my problem came back. After researching the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and cervical cancer, I finally found the answers to my questions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, authors of Our Bodies, Ourselves indicates that cervical cancer is the second most common cancer of all women, and the most common cancer in younger women. Women between the ages of 35-55 are the highest group diagnosed. This type of cancer has been linked to the HPV virus. Other risk factors of cervical cancer include the younger your age of your first sexual experience, and the number of sexual partners one has. (634).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cervical cancer can be prevented and treated early by finding pre-cancerous cell changes within the cervix. These cell changes can be found during routine pap smear exams. A pap smear is an exam where a medical instrument called a speculum is inserted into the vagina. The provider then collects cells from the cervix by gently swabbing i... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am angry at myself for not being more careful when I was younger. Although I was not promiscuous, and I did participate in safe sex with my first boyfriend - I learned the hard way that it only takes one time of unprotected sex to contract HPV. Now, eleven years later I am paying the price for my carelessness. It is my hope that women will learn the seriousness of HPV before they become infected and suffer the consequences for a lifetime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography American Cancer Society. â€Å"What Causes Cancer of the Cervix?† 22 Aug 05.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cancer.org Beers, Mark H. MD., Berkow, Robert MD., and Bogin, Robert M. MD. eds. The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Merck Manual of Medical Information. New York: Pocket Books, 1997. Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, The. Our Bodies, Ourselves - A New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edition for a New Era. New York: Touchstone, 2005. United States. Center for Disease Control. STD Facts - Human Papilloma Virus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HPV). Washington: 2005. 22 Aug 05.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm

A Concerted and Cogent Effort Needed to Establish Equality in Society Essay

The concept of establishing equality among all members of the society is as old as the history of civilization – the list of do’s and don’ts of several cultures also emanate out of that, before the dominant groups of the societies convert them as doctrines to maintain their dominance over the minorities. However, the voice of the concerned humans also rise from time to time, like what is now being heard under the titles like â€Å"human rights† or â€Å"living wage†. Though usually dubbed as a means of meeting the basic living requirements, living wage aims at facilitating humans to earn their lives to fulfill what Maslow (1943) described in his â€Å"hierarchy of needs,† which comprises of five sets of needs such as basic needs (air, water, food, clothing and shelter), safety and security needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Thus the concept of living wage raises issues of human rights with special emphasis on the right to survival and dignity. This article thus explores three situations depicted by three researchers to underpin the drivers of inequality in general. India is Plagued by Caste-concept and Exploitative Colonial Ruling Style In spite of being officially a staunch supporter of human rights with a clear backing from its constitution, India is still plagued by the legacies of the Hindu caste system and exploitative format of British ruling style, if the findings of Channa (2010) have anything to go by. He points out with evidence that there is a huge gap between the constitutional vision and the ground-level realities regarding the social and economic situation in India, where it clearly fails to reason why the majority of its population still reels under â€Å"below poverty line†, save providing living wage. Channa points out that legislation or legal strictures prove insufficient against the power of social will in India, which needs to be transformed to a state where the dominant groups of the society will unlearn the caste and exploitative colonial ruling concepts and perceive the real-time need of restoring the human status of its fellow countrymen. South Carolina Suffers from Contradictory Legislations The issue of living wage gets another dimension when it is seen from interpretive and political economic anthropological perspectives, where Kingsolver (2010) comes up with the instance of South Carolina, the area which tops in the number of people living in poverty due to high unemployment rate. Here the solution lies in enforcing legislated living wage that would prioritize human needs over the issue of earning profit. Kingsolver argues that the elimination of contradiction in the laws on tax or ‘right to work’ appears to be the first step towards achieving a legislated living wage, otherwise the age-old conflict between the logics of social welfare and the welfare of capital will continue to be at loggerheads in this region. Exploiters in the Avatar of Corporate Giants Bensen (2010) shows how ‘biocapitalism’ of the corporate giants like Philip Morris is actually a veiled threat to the normative functioning of the society, where it violates not only the ethical standards of living, but also carries on with the tendency of exploiting the human capital, let alone ignoring the issue of social equality. For example, the placement of tobacco auction warehouses as well as the leaf-processing plants in North Carolina are strategically placed in predominantly Black residential areas to get low-skill workers at a minimum rate and to profit more by saving the expenditure on workplace conditions. Conclusion All the three papers reviewed above analyze social dynamics of stigmatization under different contexts, where India suffers from the legacies of age-old caste system and exploitative British ruling strategies, while North and South Carolina suffer from racial discrimination and corporate manipulation. Such state of affairs only consolidates the impression that rules to establish human rights cannot be effective unless the mindset of the dominant groups are transformed, and for that matter, UN should steer a cogent and cohesive campaign across the globe on establishing human rights. References Benson, P. (2008). Good clean tobacco: Philip Morris, biocapitalism, and the social course of stigma in North Carolina. American Ethnologist, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 357-379. Channa, M. S. (2010). What do people live on? Living wages in India. American Anthropological Association, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 15-28. Kingsolver, A. (2010). Living wage considerations in the right-to-work state of South Carolina. American Anthropological Association, Vo. 31, No. 1, pp. 30-41. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, pp. 370- 396.

Dickens a Christmas Carol and Priestley’s Essay

By bragging about his knighthood and talking about his strong capitalist views; â€Å"A man has to make his own way,† â€Å"community and all that nonsense,† Birling makes himself unpopular to the audience which is Preistley’s intension when Birling talks about the â€Å"Titanic being absolutely unsinkable,† and the fact that, â€Å"nobody wants war,† this creates dramatic irony as the audience know that the Titanic would sink on its maiden voyage, there would be two world wars, depression and strikes however, the characters don’t know this and in this case they don’t know that Birling is completely wrong in what he is saying. All of this creates a negative diction in which Priestley creates this wealthy, prosperous almost perfect family that looks splendid but is the opposite as they are ignorant and the lowest of low, especially to Priestley who strongly disagrees with their capitalist views. Birling can be compared to scrooge in â€Å"A Christmas carol,† as they both are prosperous, both don’t play a part in their community and they are both set up by Dickens and Priestly to be unsympathetic by using the same techniques like negative diction and them both being ignorant. In the opening scene we also learn about Birling’s family; his wife Sybil Birling who plays little part in the opening act, his son Eric who seems shy and close to being drunk, his â€Å"pretty† daughter Sheila who â€Å"is very pleased with life,† and her light hearted conversation shows she is youthful and enthusiastic. There is also one visitor present, Sheila’s fianci Gerald who is, â€Å"attractive,† and â€Å"the easy well-bred young man-about-town. † His father owns a large business; Crofts Limited and when making his speech, Birling says that, â€Å"we may look forward to the time when Crofts and Birlings are no longer competing but are working together,† which means that Birling being the man we now know him to be, sees his daughters engagement as a clear opportunity for a business deal. However things seem unstable between Sheila and Gerald when she mentions, â€Å"last summer,† in a â€Å"half playful, half serious,† tone. Priestly does this to show that although they look perfect, they all obviously have problems creates unease in the atmosphere and causes conflict and anxiety. The Inspectors arrival instantly adds tension as the lighting is changed on stage to be, â€Å"brighter and harder,† which signals a change of mood in the play and also seems to add menace to the Birling family. Priestley describes the Inspector to be man who; â€Å"creates at once an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness. † This tells the audience that this character is important and the fact that he speaks, â€Å"carefully, weightily, and has a disconcerting habit of looking hard of the person he addresses before actually speaking,† also gives the impression that he knows, hopefully as well as the audience, how ignorant and wrong the family is. The inspector speaks to each of them: â€Å"gravely,† â€Å"dryly,† â€Å"slowly,† â€Å"steadily,† â€Å"plainly,† â€Å"coolly,† â€Å"with authority,† â€Å"massively,† and â€Å"sharply,† which builds up a moralising tone. From this early stage Priestley presents him as a judge and jury of the family’s wrong doings and almost a philosopher and social observer rather than a policeman. For example â€Å"it’s my duty to ask questions,† and in the case of Eva Smith, â€Å"what happened to her then may have determined what happened to her afterwards, and what happened to her afterwards may have driven her to suicide,† comments like these would be out of place being said by a police man. In â€Å"A Christmas Carol,† Dickens voiced his opinions through different characters, in â€Å"An Inspector Calls,† Priestley voices his socialist views through the Inspector when he describes Eva Smith by; using the repetition of no; â€Å"No work, no money,† listing; â€Å"few friends, lonely, half starved,† and emotive language. He also uses biblical reference similar to Dickens, â€Å"we are members of one body,† which is part of a communion prayer which means that we are all equal in the sight of God and that he sees no class barriers. Another example is, â€Å"fire and blood and anguish,† which is a biblical reference to hell and links to World War 1 which Priestley fought in. Also like Dickens he unites the speaker and the audience by using the plural, personal pronoun, â€Å"we,† which emphasises his positive views on the idea of community. The Inspector, referring to Eva Smith says, â€Å"There are a lot of young women living that sort of existence in every city and big town in the country,† â€Å"If there weren’t, the factories and warehouses wouldn’t know where to look for cheap labour,† this is a general social point Priestley is making as well as the fact that there is no clear dividing line between different elements of society, for example, Gerald says, â€Å"we’re respectable citizens not criminals! † to which the Inspector replies, â€Å"Sometimes there isn’t as much difference as you think. † This brings out Priestley’s positive views on the community, that we are all responsible for each other, that we are all part of humanity and we need to share our problems. Also like Dickens’ â€Å"A Christmas Carol,† Priestley gives the Inspector the role of mystic, all knowing power; Shelia notices this when she says to him â€Å"I don’t understand you. † This can be linked to Ouspensky’s theory that existence is a cycle of lives, which we can only escape from if we change them with the help of a gifted or extraordinary person; in this case that person is the Inspector. Through the whole play the Inspector rids the Birling family of their respectability as the audience feel, with the persuasive techniques of the Inspector, that not only are they on trial but the whole of the people in their advantaged social position for treating people like Eva Smith badly; â€Å"Public men, Mr Birling, have responsibilities as well as privileges,† the antithesis in this emphasises Priestley’s just spoken message. Before the Inspector leaves he makes a powerful, prophet like speech, which summarises the play’s philosophy; â€Å"We don’t live alone,† and â€Å"We are responsible for each other;† a biblical message, shows Priestley’s sense for community and the antithesis of â€Å"if men will not learn that lesson they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish. † represents the two World Wars to come as the play is set in 1912 and it was performed in 1945, to tell the audience that we haven’t learnt anything. The Inspectors speech is very compelling and is used to voice Priestley’s views to the audience. The repetition of â€Å"we,† is a persuasive technique that he uses as well as Dickens’ to captivate the audience and to make them realise that it also involves them. There is a huge difference in the older and younger generations of the family to the reaction of Eva smith. The eldest, for example Mr Birling is not nearly as effect by the story as Shelia who reacts emotionally. She also readily agrees that she has behaved badly and is prepared to admit her faults. She also is keen to change her behaviour; â€Å"I’ll never, never do it again. † Her brother Eric is also anxious to change his ways for the future and is deeply sorry for what he did, together they are also ashamed of their parents; Eric says to his mother, â€Å"You don’t understand anything. You never did. You never even tried. † She and her husband however are less remorseful, Birling in particular as he refuses to take any responsibility for Eva Smith’s death and seems to be more concerned about the money Eric stole from him than Eric’s treatment to Eva Smith. He is also concerned about keeping his ever so important social status when he says to his wife that, â€Å"It isn’t going to do us much good,† and, â€Å"The press might easily take it up,† this shows how ignorant he is and that he represents Priestley’s disgust of capitalist businessmen who are only interested in making money. From this it is clear that it is left up to the younger generation to learn from their mistakes and to change the future to which the Inspector adds, â€Å"They’re more impressionable. † Priestley makes crucial parts of the play more dramatic by using tension; before the Inspector arrives there is a slight unease as Sheila brought up, â€Å"last summer,† to Gerald, which tells us that something already isn’t quite right in the family, there is also irony as Gerald jokingly suggests that, â€Å"Eric has been up to something,† Eric is not amused and uncomfortable at this remark, Gerald insists it’s a â€Å"joke,† but we later find out he has been up to something. The Inspector enters straight after this and again there is more tension built up by him questioning Birling and Sheila but even more so when he begins to question Gerald who reveals that he was with Eva Smith â€Å"last summer,† the act then ends as the Inspector enters and says, â€Å"Well? † This leaves the audience in huge suspense and anticipating what will happen next. After questioning Gerald and Mrs Birling, which adds even more tension when she says that the boy who got Eva Smith pregnant should be, â€Å"compelled to confess in public,† not realising that this boy was her own son Eric, who enters after the Inspector tells her who the boy is. There is huge anxiety and stress now as the inspector has interrogated them all, he leaves with a compelling speech and after this the tension fades away as the family question the Inspectors presence. Was he an Inspector? Was Eva Smith real? They all start to relax apart from the youngest who are ashamed of their behaviour, the eldest seem to be, â€Å"amused,† and the word, â€Å"joke,† reappears, to which straight away the telephone rings, a moments silence creates worry and large amounts of anxiety build up. As Birling tells his family a police Inspector is on his way they all â€Å"stare guiltily and dumbfounded† as the curtain falls. Ending the play here would leave the play open for the audience to make their own decision on what would happen next again this would add tension. Priestley’s intention when adding tension at crucial parts in the play is to make them more memorable and for the audience to really think about the characters involved. It also highlights his message that he is trying to get across; we should all live as a community and see each other as equals. â€Å"A Christmas Carol,† and â€Å"An Inspector Calls,† are similar as they both contain the supernatural and the idea of fate. â€Å"A Christmas Carol,† involves ghosts and spirits, which give us the message that if we do not change our ways for the better we will be punished. This is also true for, â€Å"An Inspector Calls,† as it has a philosophical theme that society needs to change, however, the supernatural is only hinted at as the characters suspect that the Inspector wasn’t real and they have no proof that he was. The Inspector had a moralising almost prophet like presence similar to the spirits. Priestley’s play follows Ouspensky’s theory, as the Inspector is the extraordinary person who changes the lives of the Birling household. Even though Dickens did not know this theory it can be compared to it, as his novel is based on a very similar theme. In, â€Å"A Christmas Carol,† the gifted or extraordinary people who change lives are the spirits. Both texts also follow the concept that in our lives there are significant moments we make which can lead to disaster or salvation; in â€Å"An Inspector Calls,† the Inspector analyses these moments and tries to make the characters see where they have gone wrong. In, â€Å"A Christmas Carol,† Scrooge sees his past present and future and realises that he too has made the wrong decisions in life and plans to change them. The Characters in both stories can also be compared for their similarities; there are the villains; Scrooge and Birling, who are written to be disliked. Both are ignorant, arrogant and have no sense of community that both authors are for. They both symbolise the capitalist businessmen who turn a blind eye to everyone else. In both narratives there are also the victims of the villains behaviour and actions; Tiny Tim and Eva Smith. These characters symbolise the poor; Eva Smith represents the lives of many women of that time. We learn that even though she has been hard done to, she still has the highest morals; she didn’t accept the stolen money that Eric offered her and reclined his offer of marriage, as he didn’t love her. Preistly writes her this way to show that these women are not bad people and that they should not be judged on their social class. Tiny Tim symbolises the poor in, â€Å"A Christmas Carol,† as he creates sympathy for the reader; he is ill and still tries to enjoy life. In both texts, the victims die as part of the villain cruel and unjust behaviour. Both also have a theme of repentance; Eric and Shelia are deeply sorry and ashamed of how they behaved and plan to change their ways if possible. Marley also carries this theme of regret when he comes and warns Scrooge to alter. Each of these characters represents the authors beliefs that we should change become a stronger community and disregard each other’s differences. In both texts there are differences, the obvious being that one is a novel and one is a play. This variation effects how the messages are conveyed; â€Å"A Christmas Carol,† shows the message clearly, and goes into more detail about characters emotions. â€Å"An Inspector Calls,† illustrates the message in a less obvious way and leaves the audience thinking more about its message. The characters emotions can only really be displayed when acting which would give the audience a much clearer image. The more realistic of the two is, â€Å"An Inspector Calls,† because it contains less of the supernatural which makes it easier to believe. â€Å"A Christmas Carol,† could be called a fairytale, as the idea of ghosts and spirits is very unrealistic. Scrooge changes his attitudes through out the novel and is a totally different person from the beginning to the end. This can be said for the younger members of the Birling family; Sheila and Eric both feel wrong and guilty. They too, plan to change how they behave and act. Nevertheless, Mr Birling and Mrs Birling show no signs of changing their capitalist beliefs and they don’t plan to act any differently than before.

Gypsies During the Holocaust Timeline

Gypsies During the Holocaust Timeline The Gypsies (Roma and Sinti) are one of the forgotten victims of the Holocaust. The Nazis, in their strive, to rid the world of undesirables, targeted both Jews and Gypsies for extermination. Follow the path of persecution to mass slaughter in this timeline of what happened to the Gypsies during the Third Reich. 1899Alfred Dillmann establishes the Central Office for Fighting the Gypsy Nuisance in Munich. This office collected information and fingerprints of Gypsies. 1922Law in Baden requires Gypsies to carry special identification papers. 1926In Bavaria, the Law for the Combating the Gypsies, Travellers, and Work-Shy sent Gypsies over 16 to workhouses for two years if they could not prove regular employment. July 1933Gypsies sterilized under the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring. September 1935Gypsies included in the Nuremberg Laws (Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor). July 1936400 Gypsies are rounded up in Bavaria and transported to the Dachau concentration camp. 1936The Racial Hygiene and Population Biology Research Unit of the Ministry of Health at Berlin-Dahlem are established, with Dr. Robert Ritter its director. This office interviewed, measured, studied, photographed, fingerprinted, and examined Gypsies in order to document them and create complete genealogical listings for every Gypsy. 1937Special concentration camps are created for Gypsies (Zigeunerlagers). November 1937Gypsies are excluded from the military. December 14, 1937Law Against Crime orders arrests of those who by anti-social behavior even if they have committed no crime have shown that they do not wish to fit into society. Summer 1938In Germany, 1,500 Gypsy men are sent to Dachau and 440 Gypsy women are sent to Ravensbrà ¼ck. December 8, 1938Heinrich Himmler issues a decree on the Fight Against the Gypsy Menace which states that the Gypsy problem will be treated as a matter of race. June 1939In Austria, a decree orders 2,000 to 3,000 Gypsies to be sent to concentration camps. October 17, 1939Reinhard Heydrich issues the Settlement Edict which prohibits Gypsies from leaving their homes or camping places. January 1940Dr. Ritter reports that Gypsies have mixed with asocials and recommends to have them kept in labor camps and to stop their breeding. January 30, 1940A conference organized by Heydrich in Berlin decides to remove 30,000 Gypsies to Poland. Spring 1940Deportations of Gypsies begins from the Reich to the Generalgouvernment. October 1940Deportation of Gypsies temporarily halted. Fall 1941Thousands of Gypsies murdered at Babi Yar. October to November, 19415,000 Austrian Gypsies, including 2,600 children, deported to the Lodz Ghetto. December 1941Einsatzgruppen D shoots 800 Gypsies in Simferopol (Crimea). January 1942The surviving Gypsies within the Lodz Ghetto are deported to the Chelmno death camp and killed. Summer 1942Probably about this time when decision was made to annihilate the Gypsies.1 October 13, 1942Nine Gypsy representatives appointed to make lists of pure Sinti and Lalleri to be saved. Only three of the nine had completed their lists by the time deportations began. The end result was that the lists didnt matter - Gypsies on the lists were also deported. December 3, 1942Martin Bormann writes to Himmler against the special treatment of pure Gypsies. December 16, 1942Himmler gives the order for all German Gypsies to be sent to Auschwitz. January 29, 1943RSHA announces the regulations for the implementation of deporting Gypsies to Auschwitz. February 1943Family camp for Gypsies constructed in Auschwitz II, section BIIe. February 26, 1943The first transport of Gypsies delivered to the Gypsy Camp in Auschwitz. March 29, 1943Himmler orders all Dutch Gypsies to be sent to Auschwitz. Spring 1944All attempts to save pure Gypsies has been forgotten.2 April 1944Those Gypsies that are fit for work are selected in Auschwitz and sent to other camps. August 2-3, 1944Zigeunernacht (Night of the Gypsies): All Gypsies who remained in Auschwitz were gassed. Notes: 1. Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon, The Destiny of Europes Gypsies (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1972) 86.2. Kenrick, Destiny 94.

Building Relationships Using Community Resources Social Work Essay Essays

Building Relationships Using Community Resources Social Work Essay Essays Building Relationships Using Community Resources Social Work Essay Essay Building Relationships Using Community Resources Social Work Essay Essay It is truly of import that we build positive relationships with our pupils and their households. It is normal for households to fight with different issues. The kids s school itself may non be able to assist. But if they are familiar with the different bureaus in the communities and the services they offer. It can be really good to all the parties involved. They are able to work together as a squad and assist each other. This paper will foremost discourse the community resources that are available in my country, 2nd how I will do the information available to my households, and eventually how it fits with my Vision, Mission, and Philosophy statement. There are tonss of resources available in my community. There is the Guildford Department of Public Health which a few services like kid attention nursing who are registered nurses who are Child Care Health Consultants ( CCHC ) with accomplishments in public wellness, paediatric nursing and kid attention licensing demands. The CCHC strive to advance the healthy development of kids and the decrease of unwellnesss in the kid attention puting. ( Guilford County Government, 2012 ) There is child care/preschool alveolar consonant services are provided by a dental hygienist in kid attention centres and kid attention places. They have Care Coordination for Children that s a plan which provides formal instance direction to eligible kids, birth to five old ages of age, at hazard for or who have diagnosed particular demands. The staff includes registered nurses or societal workers who provide entree to needed preventative and specialised support services for kids and their households throug h coaction. ( Guilford County Government, 2012 ) The last 1 is Community Transition Coordinator ( CTC ) is a registered nurse who screens all kids born at Women s Hospital of Greensboro and all paediatric admittances to Moses Cone Health Systems to place kids birth to age five who are at hazard for developmental holds or have diagnosed holds or chronic unwellnesss. ( Guilford County Government, 2012 ) The North Carolina Early Intervention Branch ( NCEI ) is a portion of the N.C. Division of Public Health. It is the lead bureau for the N.C. Infant-Toddler Program ( ITP ) . The Infant-Toddler Program provides supports and services for households and their kids, birth to three who have particular demands. ( NC Dept. of Health and Humans Services, 2012 ) They offer service coordination, physical, occupational and speech-language therapies, household support, particular instructions, assistive engineering, and other services. To assist aid parents that have kids with identified disablements is a plan called Guilford County Partnership for Exceptional Children. They put together a directory of different local organisations that serve multiple disablements in our community. They include plans for kids with autism, ocular and hearing damages, orthopedically impaired, speech/language damages, and other wellness damages. We have the Mental Health Association to assist supply information and aid refering mental wellness issues. This Association creates plans that encourage better mental wellness, and supply support to those who suffer from mental unwellness and strives to cut down the stigma associated with mental unwellness, through instruction and service. It is a topographic point that helps households with domestic force. It is called Family Service of the Piedmont this plan offers domestic force shelters. These shelters provide safety, therapy, and tribunal protagonism for beat-up adult females and their kids. They have Children Advocacy Centers who coordinates the probe and intervention of child sexual maltreatment. They offer single and household guidance for victims of depression, anxiousness, relationship jobs, substance dependence or other mental wellness issues. They besides have Family Preservation that s an intercession for households at hazard of holding their kids removed from th e place. ( Family Service of the Piedmont, 2010 ) This plan besides works with those with substance maltreatment. They offer diagnostic, assessment and referral services are designed to supply comprehensive appraisal and referral to persons with intoxicant, drug or other substance maltreatment jobs which include appropriate rating of the demands of co-dependent persons, household members, and important others. Co-dependency reding provides comprehensive appropriate rating of the demands of co-dependent persons, household members, and important others. A ( Family Service of the Piedmont, 2010 ) Since there are a batch of resources in my country there are a few different ways I can acquire the information to the households at the centre. I can hold like a community twenty-four hours at the centre, ask for some of the workers of these bureaus to come speak during a parent dark, or inquire them for flyers/packets of information to direct place to the parents. The preschool working with bureaus like these in the community we are able to transport out our mission to function and move on the demands, rights and wellbeing of all immature kids with primary focal point on the proviso of educational and developmental services and resources. ( About NAEYC, 2009 ) Sometimes kids are exposed to conditions that undermine their wellbeing. But by acknowledging and edifice on bing strengths within communities and households, we can back up all households in supplying a healthy, safe, and loving environment for their kids. ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011 ) This paper merely touched on a few bureaus in my country that can be used as community resources, how the information can be presented to the households, and discourse how they will work with us to carry through the ends for the kids at my centre.

Face Culture in China

'Face' Culture in China Although in the West we talk about â€Å"saving face† on occasion, the concept of â€Å"face† (é  ¢Ã¥ ­ is far more deeply-rooted in China, and it’s something you’ll hear people talk about all the time. What Is 'Face'? Just like in the English expression â€Å"saving face,† the â€Å"face† we’re talking about here isn’t a literal face. Rather, it’s a metaphor for a person’s reputation amongst their peers. So, for example, if you hear it said that someone â€Å"has face,† that means that they have a good reputation. Someone who doesn’t have face is someone who has a very bad reputation. Common Expressions Involving 'Face' Having face (æÅ"‰é  ¢Ã¥ ­ ): Having a good reputation or good social standing. Not having face (æ ² ¡Ã©  ¢Ã¥ ­ ): Not having a good reputation or having bad social standing. Giving face (ç »â„¢Ã©  ¢Ã¥ ­ ): Giving deference to someone in order to improve their standing or reputation, or to pay homage to their superior reputation or standing. Losing face (ä ¸ ¢Ã¨â€ž ¸): Losing social status or hurting one’s reputation. Not wanting face (ä ¸ Ã¨ ¦ Ã¨â€ž ¸): Acting shamelessly in a way that suggests one doesn’t care about one’s own reputation. 'Face' in Chinese Society Although there are obviously exceptions, in general, Chinese society is quite conscious of hierarchy and reputation among social groups. People who have good reputations can buoy the social standing of others by â€Å"giving them face† in various ways. At school, for example, if a popular child chooses to play or do a project with a new student who’s not well known, the popular child is giving the new student face, and improving their reputation and social standing within the group. Similarly, if a child tries to join a group that’s popular and is rebuffed, they will have lost face. Obviously, a consciousness of reputation is quite common in the West as well, especially among particular social groups. The difference in China may be that it’s frequently and openly discussed and that there is no real â€Å"brown-noser† stigma associated with actively pursuing improving one’s own standing and reputation the way there sometimes is in the West. Because of the importance that’s placed on the maintenance of face, some of China’s most common and most cutting insults also revolve around the concept. â€Å"What a loss of face!† is a common exclamation from the crowd whenever someone is making a fool of themselves or doing something they shouldn’t, and if someone says that you don’t even want face (ä ¸ Ã¨ ¦ Ã¨â€ž ¸), then you know that they have a very low opinion of you indeed. 'Face' in Chinese Business Culture One of the most obvious ways in which this plays out is the avoidance of public criticism in all but the direst of circumstances. Where in a Western business meeting a boss might criticize an employee’s proposal, for example, direct criticism would be uncommon in a Chinese business meeting because it would cause the person being criticized to lose face. Criticism, when it must be, is generally passed along in private so that the criticized party’s reputation will not be hurt. It is also common to express criticism indirectly by simply avoiding or redirecting discussion of something rather than acknowledging or agreeing with it. If you make a pitch in a meeting and a Chinese colleague says, â€Å"That’s very interesting and worth considering† but then changes the subject, chances are they didn’t find your idea interesting at all. They’re just trying to help you save face. Since much of China’s business culture is based on personal relationships (guanxi å… ³Ã§ ³ »), giving face is also a tool that is frequently used in making inroads into new social circles. If you can get the endorsement of one particular person of high social standing, that person’s approval and standing within their peer group can â€Å"give† you the â€Å"face† that you need to be more broadly accepted by their peers.

Creative intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Creative intelligence - Essay Example It accentuates accomplishment, struggle, rationalism, past experience, and present mindedness. Experiences play important role in intuitive style because individuals make decisions by comparing the present situation with a past one. This style is commonly preferable for managers and politicians (Lewis, 1995). Innovative style focuses on questioning the traditional customs, they believe in determination, and experimentation. They make complete analysis of the data and they prefer willingness to work rather than hard work. Mostly people who like to experiment and believe anything to be true after experimenting possess this style of intelligence such as engineers and scientists. Mostly, peoples’ virtues are persistence in the face of complications and people can find these virtues in their method of handling any complex situation with ease. Though work place plays a huge role in deciding how people perform but people with innovative style somehow convert their discomfort into opp ortunities and still manage to make out the best from them (Rowe, 2007). These kinds of people can contribute largely in the success of any organization because they possess the talent of molding the situation in their own favor however, they lack experience like intuitive ones. Combination of intuitive and innovative people can brighten the name of any organization. People possessing third style that is imaginative are able to envisage and make out opportunities, they are artistic, open-minded, and they are not afraid of taking risks and always think in a unique manner. This style describes astuteness and it belongs particularly to musicians, leaders, artists, writers and the ones who make their imagination and creativity their professions. These kinds of people are very elementary for an organization as they like to take risks and organizations mostly lack these kinds of people. They give huge importance to their creativity and always make decision creatively rather than unexcitingly (Proctor, 2010). The last style is inspirational intelligence, which has influences of change in community. They are willing to accept change and bring change, which is for the good of others. This style is mainly for individuals who have some visions and missions in their minds such as teachers, leaders, and writers. If one compares four styles one finds that the intuitive people have insight in solving functional problems, Innovative individuals mostly take a long time to reach to a solution of problem because they analyze every aspect. Imaginative individuals use value judgments to make their decisions and the inspirational ones totally take into account the welfare of other people to make the decisions. When an organization has to make a decision urgently then it should approach intuitive individuals, however, when they have to identify the effects of certain problems in long term, they should contact imaginative individuals. Although each of these styles describes a definite creative intelligence style, a mainstream of people have more than one creative intelligence style (Rowe, 2007). The level of strength for each style results in a conduct for each individual. This approach to creativity expands the possible number of creative intelligence styles. No one denies that it is beneficial to have more than one creative intelligence style be cause it would help to treat different types of problems at different

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14

Critical Thinking - Essay Example As shown below these three sources are of greatest threat to our well-being. Motor vehicles have been pointed out as a major source of environmental pollution for a long time; they produce CO2 among other poisonous gases, which are responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer as well as CO, which is a non-detectable poisonous gas. Coal, which is also burned in several industries as a source of energy, has been flagged by environmentalists as a major contributor to carbon dioxide too. Other sources of pollutants include fossil fuels which act as a source of Sulfur Dioxide when burnt and Nitrogen Oxide which is produced when the fuels in vehicles are combusted (Sukhraj 18). Air pollutants have been shown to have several detrimental effects to the environment. The gases interact with the water in the atmosphere to produce acidic rain, which is corrosive and therefore erodes the paint of buildings and kills life in plants and rivers due to its poisonous nature. These fumes have also been identified as carcinogenic and over time, residents living in places with high pollution rates will have a higher prevalence rate of eyes nose and throat infections as well as the development of cancer. There reduction of air pollution is very important and several steps have been taken to do this. Vehicles have been given several standards of performance, which all companies must maintain failure to which their vehicles will not be allowed in certain countries. Catalytic converters have also been installed in vehicles and in factories where sulfur is a by-product so as to reduce the sulfur compounds released into the environment (Sukhraj 23). The introduction of harmful substances to soil and water is another problem that is being faced in many places. Most water pollutants are manmade and are a result of industrial activity too close to agricultural land and water sources. However, natural sources of water pollution include water

Written analysis of a qualitative research report to determine the Essay

Written analysis of a qualitative research report to determine the validity of the study - Essay Example effectiveness and implementation of these programs two actors are stated: the tight school schedule and differences in the opinions of the different stakeholders (teachers, parents, adolescents etc.) which is actually the subject of research in this study. However it is not stated and there is no reference to find if the main question analyzed in the study is formulated based on a previous research or based on a personal perception of the authors of the study. Authors state that the question they analyze in the study is â€Å"at least† one of the two factors that are barriers for implementing the current recommendations for reducing adolescent obesity, but nevertheless we don’t have information’s about the importance of this question based on a previous research. Nevertheless the literature listed as reference to the text is relevant and we have access to previous research and studies that were done on the subject of adolescent obesity specifically in Switzerland (Zimmermann et al. 2004). The problem with adolescent obesity is supported by well designed and relevant studies. Also the method of qualitative approach is stated as appropriate for the type of the research conducted in this study. This statement is also referenced with relevant publications which elaborate why this approach is most suited for this study (Krueger 1994) (Kitzinger 1995). Nevertheless we can’t understand the importance of the question analyzed in this study (different views and perceptions of all the stakeholders) based on the references stated in the study, but only as personal view of the researcher that this question is one of the most important in understanding the problem. There are studies however that imply the importance of integrated approach of all s takeholders in implementing programs for reducing adolescent obesity (Lynne et al. 2010). Medical educators and nurses working in the schools have important function in identifying the problem of adolescent obesity and

The Accomplishments and Personality of Presidency Assignment

The Accomplishments and Personality of Presidency - Assignment Example Accomplishments from 1914 through 1918 In his reign, the Panama Canal legitimately opened. President Roosevelt ensured that the National Trade Commission instigated its tasks. He gave a state briefing on Lusitania sinking. President Roosevelt has chosen again for the Enlightened Presidential tag. As the president; he made sure that the U.S. National Park Service was made. Roosevelt offered to give aid in World War I effort by starting a Volunteer sector that was much criticized by Woodrow Wilson (Edmund, 2010).He removed his nomination in order to give back up to Hughes. President Woodrow Wilson gave out his 14 Point strategy for a long-lasting peace; a related plan for the formation of a worldwide political organization that was suggested by Teddy R when he was the President of the United States. Teddy R started the survey of Rio Duvida in the Amazons River later give the new name as Rio Roosevelt. Personality of Teddy Roosevelt The persona of Theodore Roosevelt is enduring. Roosevelt was and a vidly inquisitive child, who grew up to a vigorous young man, and eventually, an active ground-breaking as a politician. According to Theodore Roosevelt, features commendable in an individual entail steady hard work, devotion to family, discreet religious loyalty, and a good will to assist a neighbor. He, therefore, came to a conclusion that like character remains to be the very description of a man or woman. He was an asthmatic victim whereby he experienced a childhood whereby he was sick for many years.

IP5 elements of business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IP5 elements of business - Essay Example It has also established depots in Del Rio and Carrizo Springs. L & F Distributors is one of Silver Eagle Distribution LP’s competitor in the Texas market. The company was founded in 1978 and is headquartered in McAllen Texas. By virtue of being one of the Anheuser- Busch wholesalers, L & L distributors focuses on mega brands like Bud Light, Budweiser and Michelob (L & F Distributors, 2015). Over the years, the company has grown and gone ahead to acquire rights in other cities like Laredo and Harlingen. The American beer distribution industry where Silver Eagle Distributors LP operates in serves different social and economic functions by directly or indirectly employing people while at the same time contributing to economic growth by paying taxes. The players in the industry also discharge different corporate social responsibility initiatives that are meant to enhance the wellbeing of the general public. Since it is an industry which was started in the mid-17th Century, the beer distribution industry has been subject to various legal regulations as well as political mechanizations. Legislative amendments that have affected the beer brewing industry have directly impacted on the operations of the beer distributors in the market. The sector continues to face changing taxation, distribution and consumption policies. Political lobbying for market classification has also impacted on the operations of Silver Eagle Distributors in the market. Unlike other consumer goods that can be freely sold, advertised and consumed, beer consumption and selling is controlled and regulated by different laws (Croson & Donahue, 2002). Such laws and policies affect how the players operate in the market. Silver Eagles Distributors LP adheres to the existing beer advertising and selling policies that are intended to protect the public from the negative effects of unregulated and uncontrolled consumption. The three tier alcohol

The Accomplishments and Personality of Presidency Assignment

The Accomplishments and Personality of Presidency - Assignment Example Accomplishments from 1914 through 1918 In his reign, the Panama Canal legitimately opened. President Roosevelt ensured that the National Trade Commission instigated its tasks. He gave a state briefing on Lusitania sinking. President Roosevelt has chosen again for the Enlightened Presidential tag. As the president; he made sure that the U.S. National Park Service was made. Roosevelt offered to give aid in World War I effort by starting a Volunteer sector that was much criticized by Woodrow Wilson (Edmund, 2010).He removed his nomination in order to give back up to Hughes. President Woodrow Wilson gave out his 14 Point strategy for a long-lasting peace; a related plan for the formation of a worldwide political organization that was suggested by Teddy R when he was the President of the United States. Teddy R started the survey of Rio Duvida in the Amazons River later give the new name as Rio Roosevelt. Personality of Teddy Roosevelt The persona of Theodore Roosevelt is enduring. Roosevelt was and a vidly inquisitive child, who grew up to a vigorous young man, and eventually, an active ground-breaking as a politician. According to Theodore Roosevelt, features commendable in an individual entail steady hard work, devotion to family, discreet religious loyalty, and a good will to assist a neighbor. He, therefore, came to a conclusion that like character remains to be the very description of a man or woman. He was an asthmatic victim whereby he experienced a childhood whereby he was sick for many years.

Infection control in the hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Infection control in the hospital - Essay Example In this regard, the nursing professionalism as designated by Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) codes of conduct will be referred to with reference to the theoretical underpinning of adult nursing care delivery. The objective of this assignment would thus be recognition of the parameters of healthcare environment and the factors associated with it, which may influence safe healthcare delivery by the nurses to the intended population. The National Health Service (NHS) was expected to provide universal healthcare of identical standards throughout the UK. It was supposed to be comprehensive such that it would cover all health needs of the population. The third principle was to make it free at the point of delivery, so that it is available based on needs to all citizens equally, not on the ability to pay. The system works through a participatory structure involving conjoint work of the Local Health Board and Local Health Authority including Community Health Council and other private or voluntary organisations (Goldie and Sheffield, 2001). Since the NHS activities are sum total of national and local policies, it would be worthwhile to examine which policies may influence the health and social care in adult nursing (Department of Health, 2003). These include Misuse of drugs (Act 1971); infection control, food hygiene, health and safety work (Act 1974); moving, handling, and protection of vulnerable adult and public health disease control (Act 1984); disability discrimination act (Act 1995); data protection act (Act 1998); and over all, the policies in relation to standards of care (Hewitt-Taylor, 2003). The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) is a vehicle of production and dissemination of evidence-based practice guidelines in order to influence the practice of the healthcare professionals including nurses. NICE provides technical and operational criteria of treatment practices and guidelines for promotion of

Statistical Analysis Paper Essay Example for Free

Statistical Analysis Paper Essay The article was a cross- sectional, non- experimental case study of social worker’s perceptions of bullies at the workplace and the social worker’s ability to create coping responses to workplace bullying. To collect quantitative information a mail questionnaire was gathered, and individuals’ semi-structured interviews were assessed. The qualitative sample included 111 male and female social worker’s from Washington D.C. the final outcome result were three to five social worker’s reported that he or she were recipients of rude, unpleasant, and unfavorable workplace environmental interactions within a year. The bullies’ targets generally worked in military and mental health outpatient organizations or government agencies. About 35% of the targets held a discreet service role, and 29% held a management or administration role. The results outcome from the study provided evidence that in the social working profession the agencies and organizations need guidelines or tools to help discover, confront, and stop bullying behaviors in the workplace ( Whitaker, T., 2012). See more: how to write an analysis of a research paper Statistical Analysis in the Article The article incorporates tables, descriptive statistics that helps with the understanding of the data, it also provides five tables of illustrations. Table one is about the demographic characteristics of the targets of the workplace bullies, it displays the characteristics of social workers ranging by age, gender, and demographics (Whitaker, T., 2012). Table two is about organizational settings and roles of target, it displayed supervisors, colleagues, subordinates, and clients were all identified as bullies. It showed that women were more than twice as likely (65%) to be identified as bullies as were men 33% (Whitaker, T., 2012). Table three is about the most troubling bullying behaviors, showing that verbally, and covertly hostile  actions were the most troubling bullying behaviors in the workplace. In addition, being treated with disrespect and having work de-valued as the hardest aspects of being bullied at the workplace. Table four was the summary characteristics of bullies, the study showed characteristics were either passive or assertive by the coping scale. The passive behavior ranging score of 24 and assertive score of 60. The median and mean scores were 42.5, and a multiple modal score. The last table, which was five was the classification of Reponses to the coping scale as passive or assertive coded in the same direction the table explained coping strategies and responses (Whitaker, T., 2012). Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics In the article several questions were asked in a questionnaire. The more passive the response, the lower the value assigned to it, the more assertive the response, the higher the value was assigned to it. The targets had a range of coping strategies, the biggest response strategy was talking about the bullying with someone he or she trusted, 93% used this strategy more than once, 66% used the strategy of confronting the person more than once. However, only 17% used formal complaint (Whitaker, T., 2012). The data supported the research problem of workplace bullying. It was noteworthy and explained that three out of five social workers were recipients of rude, unpleasant, and unfavorable workplace environmental interactions. However, the article did not provide inferential statistics. The data was collected through questionnaire and based on actual results to determine the statistics (Whitaker, T., 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, this article explored the issues of workplace bullying of social workers and the coping responses, it included a number of concerned issues for the social working profession. Among these issues included the characteristics of workplace bullies, and coping Reponses. The article suggests that workplace bullying is a serious issue for social workers and needs to create guidelines and tools to help stop bullying behaviors (Whitaker, T., 2012). References Whitaker, T. (2012). Social workers and workplace bullying: Perceptions, responses and implications. Work, 42(1), 115-123.

Juvenile Delinquency And The Problems Of Society Criminology Essay

Juvenile Delinquency And The Problems Of Society Criminology Essay Juvenile delinquency is a common problem that all societies seem to face. Although it is apparent that all juveniles will at some point in their life commit some sort of delinquent act, it is unclear as to why juveniles behave this way. Many theories have been developed to try to explain the phenomena but, no single theory has the perfect answer to the problem. After researching several theories, a theoretical integration of the Anomie theory of Deviance by theorist Robert Merton and the Social Bond theory by theorist Travis Hirschi, juvenile delinquency could both be better explained and potentially be prevented. Ideas from both theories are both accurate; however, when combined the theories could truly rise to their full potential because of shortcomings that both theories show. While the Anomie theory is a social structure theory relying on the environment, it would complement the social bond control theory by integrating the idea that delinquency is a matter of environment, and i t will bring out the inherent evil within all humans (Orcutt 2002). Basically, the environment can enhance the evil or help contain it depending on the positive or negative influence the environment in question has on the individual that is struggling with the internal instinct. The Anomie theory of Deviance offers a good explanation as to why Juveniles are delinquent. In America people live big and our definition of economic well being is very different than those societies in less developed nations, for instance, Africa. The more stuff the better off you are in the current time. This includes: a home, a car, an iPod, the latest trends, and a well paying job or essentially the most amount of money you could possibly get your hands on. According to this theory, the main motivation of our society and the way it operates is this most common focal concern: economic stability (Orcutt 2002). Since this theory is a social structure theory, it considers the macro or larger level of societal conditions. Furthermore, this theory puts the blame on the structure of society and claims that society is the reason for juvenile delinquency. Merton argues that everyone in our society has been socialized and that money and economic prestige and status are so essential to happ iness and life fulfillment. Our concentration on material things and economic status is the motivation for juvenile delinquency within this theory because of the disproportionate opportunities between social classes to achieve the cultural goal (Orcutt 2002). Thus, the problem in society that causes juvenile delinquency, in accordance with this theory, is a lack of legitimate means of achieving what society deems most important: money. Merton believes that that majority of people will conform to the cultural goal and the institutionalized means to achieve it. The ideal and culturally acceptable ways of achieving the cultural goal are what Merton calls institutionalized means (Orcutt 2002). These would include opportunities such as a well paying job, a college education, supporting capitalism and free enterprise, starting your own business, and even working hard or overtime for promotions. However, our society has a problem structurally because the means listed previously are not equally offered between the American social structures. Merton says that although everyone wants to achieve this goal of economic success, the social structure does not provide enough institutionalized means to go around (Orcutt 2002). There are not enough opportunities to support all the people in society who are pushing for the same goal. The upper class obviously has the most opportunity to benefit from institutionalized means because they have a monopoly on the means. They can afford universities, have resources to start businesses, and they can leave money to their children to continue economic success. So they take their share of the means first by simply being born into a high social status. The middle class gets second pick because they too share some of the same opportunities as far as legitimate ways of achieving economic success. On the other hand the problem arises when it comes time for the lower class to try to take advantage of the institutionalized means of achieving the cultural goal. Many in the lower class cannot attend college for lack of money to do so, they cannot pass down money to their children, and they do not have access to higher education which hinders them from being competitive in a higher paying work force. Thus, many opportunities are gone before they even reach the age to apply for college. This situation is called anomie or nomlessness because people have accepted this goal of economic success, but the norms are not consistent with achieving it. This causes the strain between the cultural goal and institutionalized means. The frustration that the strain causes for people of the lower class causes them to turn to illegitimate, or socially unacceptable, means of pursuing the cultural goal (Orcutt 2002). The first is conformity, or, people who achieve the cultural goal by taking advantage of an institutionalized mean (Agnew 2007). The second is innovation. People who become innovators accept the cultural goal, but because of the lack of institutiona lized means, they strive toward economic success by inventing illegitimate or illegal means such as: drug dealing, black market selling, illegal gambling, prostitution, or robbery (Agnew 2007). Basically, their goal is the same but their method of achieving it is different and socially unacceptable. The third category is retreatism. People who fall into this category reject the cultural goal. They cannot achieve the goal and give up on wanting to accomplish it. They also give up the institutionalized means of accomplishing it. They become drug addicts, alcoholics, mentally ill, or those who commit suicide. People who just fade out of society and no longer take part in it- they retreat from society due to the pressures that the narrow cultural goal causes (Agnew 2007). Fourth is the ritualism category. People who fall into this category give up on the cultural goal, but go through the motions of the institutionalized means blindly. They do the means with no goal in mind (Agnew 2007). For example, someone who gives up on getting a degree but still comes to class and simply sleeps or daydreams through lectures is simply following the ritual. They take exams but flunk them all. People that go to work and work 40 hours a week, then go blow their paycheck in hours also fall into the ritualistic category. This theory declares that this kind of behavior is a result of not having the institutionalized means to try to achieve the more middle/upper class lifestyle (Agnew 2007). These people are most likely going to fall in the working class. Finally the fifth category is rebellion. The goal of people in this category is to replace both the cultural goal and the institutional means to achieve it (Agnew 2007). For example a socialist feels that the cultural goal is not economic success, but more so political reform. The white supremacists and black panthers would fall under this category. The Amish would also (in some respects) fall under this umbrella when considering our societies goal by growing their own food and making their own life through means of labor not money. This theory is favorable for consideration as an explanation for all crime except for white collar crime. The reason the strain theory does not apply to white collar crime is because people who have committed such crimes have already achieved the cultural goal and thus dismiss everything the theory stands for. From this perspective, there is no real reason, according to Anomie, for their delinquency. This theory is also favorable because it is relatively easy to test. Travis Hirchis Social Bond theory is another interesting perspective to consider as an explanation of Juvenile delinquency. According to Hirchis social bond theory, there are four elements to consider and explain why people conform to societies norms. Because this is a Control theory, instead of explaining why crime is committed this theory explains what is needed to prevent delinquency from happening; in other words, control theories explain why people conform (Welch 1998). Hirchi believed that it is necessary for one to have attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief in order to prevent delinquency and promote more pro-social behavior (Shoemaker 2000). Attachment refers to the psychological and emotional connection one feels toward another persons or groups and the extent to which one cares about their opinions and feelings. This is the more social concept of the theory (Shoemaker 2000). Commitment is the result of a cost-benefit approach to delinquency. It refers to investments accumulated in terms of conformity to conventional rules, such as time, money, effort and status, versus the estimated costs or losses of investment associated with nonconformity. This is the rational aspect of the theory. Commitment is also involves the commitment to ones future. This means an individuals hopes, dreams, aspirations, and desires. The stronger commitment to ones future allows less risk for delinquent behavior because it gives individuals a reason to not commit delinquent acts. Involvement refers to the participation in conventional and legitimate activity, which could include extracurricular activities such as school plays, clubs, organizati ons, and athletic events (Shoemaker 2000). Belief involves the acceptance of a conventional value system. The weakening of the belief in conventional values and norms is a major factor in the risk of delinquency. If youth does not believe in the values they are being taught, there is much less reason for them to conform. In the Shoemaker book, this theory was evaluated with three relationships in mind; delinquency and religion, delinquency and the family, and delinquency and school (Shoemaker 2000). Although this theory can be used to explain all types of crime, these relationships further proved its accuracy. According to Shoemaker, there is a relationship between delinquency and religion in the aspect that delinquents are less religiously active than nondelinquents (Shoemaker 2000). However, when considering the family lives of delinquents, broken homes were a huge pre-indicator of delinquency to come. If a family life is healthy and stable for an individual, the risk of delinquency is much less than that of a single parent home or an abusive home. School can also play a significant part, especially when considering the attachment factor of the theory. School failure is almost always correlated with delinquency therefore it is important that a student feels both attached and committed to their education. The frustration from missing such components in their school experience can be devastating to their future and can run a much higher risk for delinquency (Shoemaker 2000). The social bond theory is favorable because it can be easily tested by breaking down all the components of the bond. Attachment and commitment can be observed as well as the other elements of this theory. Yet, the unfavorable factor about this theory is that it does not adequately explain the drift theory alone. This theory only gives the view on people who are delinquent and by society learn to control their delinquency. It does not account very well for those who commit a delinquent act once in their youth and then grow to be productive citizens of society. Despite this flaw in my integration theory I have included a valid explanation for the drift theory and the aging out concept. By integrating these two theories, delinquency can be much more understood in terms of the constant internal struggle that humans face against the inherent evil they are born with. The environment which youths encircle themselves in plays a role in how well they can control the evil that so wishes to emerge. This integrated theorys outlined struggle between the environment and the inherent evil can also better explain the drift theory and aging out because it shows the fact that though youth believe in the socially constructed norms, they are not perfect and sometimes the opposing side of their battle wins and thus causes them to commit a delinquent act. An impressionable, influenced youth who is trying to create an identity may struggle to find a niche or environment which they feel can allow them to both express themselves and be in congruence with the morals and values their parents, and society have instilled in them. The struggle to maintain control of internal evil is more diff icult for youth than adults because they do not yet have enough commitment to their future to want to control their delinquent impulses. This is why aging-out applies because as youths grow older and mature into adults the idea of their future becomes more real and thus they need to find ways to secure the well being of both themselves and their families. Ultimately their attachments grow to more conventional things. My integrated theory is especially important when considering the lower class because with the lack of institutionalized means to create a healthy environment, youths tend to turn to illegitimate means in order to commit and believe in something, regardless if it is healthy or not. The struggle to maintain control of their evil is attributed to the fact that they do not have a secure future due to broken families, school failure and status frustration, and lack of exposure to legitimate means of achieving the cultural goal. This situation is to blame for youths falling into unhealthy peer groups, taking advantage of illegitimate means, and ultimately becoming delinquents. For example a student who is failing in school because his school does not have funding for extracurricular activities does not have as much attachment to school as does a middle class student who is committed to their future by means of programming that influences her to believe education will guide their to succes s. Also, if a students family does not appreciate the value of a college education the student will thus not be in an environment that encourages this particular legitimate mean. Thus in a circular fashion, the parents dont attend college or pursue a higher education and so the children do not feel an attachment, commitment, or belief in the idea of education. They then cannot make enough money to support themselves, and like many in their community turn to illegitimate means of making money. According to the anomie theory, the disproportion of the institutionalized means is to blame for delinquency. An obvious solution would be to offer more institutionalized means to the lower class. I feel that by both adding and sharing the experiences of the higher social classes, it can offer commitment and attachment to the lower class youth. I believe that if society provides more institutionalized means to the lower class, the youth will then socially bond to the means and the positive influences they will bring. Thus, delinquency will diminish based on the fact that youths will learn skills that will help them control their inherent delinquent impulses. This integrated theory is better than the theories alone because it provides both an explanation for the drift phenomena and it will provide opportunities to help prevent white collar crime as well. The two theories both complement each other and offer a solution for each others shortcomings. I also feel that this would address a ll levels of crime even white collar crime because it could potentially bond those who have achieved the cultural goal with those who have not. This would allow people who have it all so to speak have more charitable opportunities and would offer them an opportunity to help others through the legitimate social bond process. This would spread goodwill among the upper class and allow them to have more generous thoughts. Perhaps, if given the opportunities to help others in need of institutionalized exposure, the greed that drives a lot of white collar crime could be potentially lessened as well as the lower class delinquency. Basically, this would bring less divide between the social statuses. The most beneficial delinquency policy prevention to my integrated theory would be mentorship programs and funding for extracurricular activities for youth in underprivileged communities. I believe that by implementing sports teams and after school organizations with students who are of a mixed social class, but similar athletic ability and interests, would both bond the students and offer good role models for the lower income students to look up to. I feel that many children do not get the exposure to legitimate institutionalized means or people who conform to the means enough to fully understand and appreciate them. If a child had a mentor who has a strong commitment to the future, and a low record of delinquent acts, perhaps the child could also learn to have a commitment to their own future. I also feel that schools could sponsor more trade programs and apprenticeships for students who are academically challenged. I also feel that by funding more extracurricular organizations for different cultures, religions, and interests for youth of all kind would attract a more diverse population to the community in question. By forming a stronger more opportunistic community, people would bond with others in different races or of different cultures. We need for people of different backgrounds to attach to the same activities and mentality so they can all pursue a common goal and so they can all believe in and accept the same conventional value system. There needs to be more interaction between the classes so that the environment becomes more neutral and the institutionalized means become more available to people out of the upper class. Children who have a tutor who does well in school and is praised for it may look up to their tutor as a role model and thus decided that they too believe in the value of an education. People need to start using each other as a resource for a better society in the future. I f more people acted on the beliefs of this theory not only do I feel delinquency would be significantly less in youth, but those youth would grow to make society as a whole better in their adulthood. This theory helps ensure the future of tomorrow with the youth of today. I feel that this could condition children to believe in and be open to all kinds of people and thus reduce racial tension, gender bias, and even police discretion. I feel that it is time to break the stereotypes and labels that we have been socially conditioned to believe in. I also feel that more academic funding is necessary for scholarships to be given to a wider range of people across the social classes. I think that scholarships are too easily given to those who can afford to attend college without assistance and thus leave little opportunities for students who are truly in need. In addition to college scholarships I think apprenticeship scholarships to pay for job training and equipment is necessary too. I feel that students are too often pressured into thinking that college is the only form of higher education. This theory could be easily tested. I would first take a random sampling of data from youth from different social classes about their experiences with school and their community. This would measure happiness, fulfillment, delinquent acts in the individual, and goals or plans for the future. Then I would do a more restricted sampling and survey from students who have committed delinquent acts and upper class students who have secure grades, access to institutionalized means and seem destined to succeed in society (probably based on teacher recommendations etc). After taking this basic data I would conduct another survey after implementing an afterschool mentorship (with the same delinquents in question) which includes; college visits, community service, job shadowing, sports and recreational activities, and free tutoring. After six months with this mentor, I would administer yet another survey to both the mentor and mentee and see if social bonding occurred and if the delinquent is ha ppier now that he or she has adopted many similar values and beliefs as their mentor. Finally a year after the mentorship ends, I would find those previously deemed delinquent students and hope that the mentorship programming encouraged the students enough that they would then have faith in their futures and would be doing better socially, academically, and legally. It is my belief that the interaction would prove my theory correct. My final step in the policy amendments and testing procedures would be to encourage for the juvenile court system to adopt and attempt to fund such mentorship programming for first time delinquent youths. I feel that this would help stop things before they become repeat offenders and thus will quicken the aging out process by surrounding youth with a more positive environment. Repeat juvenile offenders could potentially be asked to serve their time and then be placed in a regulated apprenticeship to learn a trade. Hopefully they will socially bond with co-workers and age out of delinquency in pursuit of a steady paycheck. Though I realize that my theory would take a lot of work to implement and would never be able to completely annihilate juvenile delinquency, I do feel that it could create positive changes in the lives of youths everywhere. If more people believed in sharing institutionalized opportunities with the lower class and making institutionalized opportunities more available we could provide positive influences for youths. This would allow youth to learn all the skills necessary to control their delinquent impulses and thus would give youth a reason to conform to the socially accepted norms of society. .

Euthanasia Essays -- essays research papers

Euthanasia which comes from the Greek meaning of easy death is one of our societies highly debatable issues and the main reason for this argument is against active euthanasia, which is when a terminally ill patient is administered with a lethal drug or using other means to cause there death. There is also Passive euthanasia, which means the stopping or not starting a persons treatment, leaving their condition to run it’s course, without resuscitation. . Many people debate this issue stating that they believe that by participating in the practice of active euthanasia, that they are "playing God," but isn’t that what doctors are already doing by trying to keep their patients alive? Or perhaps, even worse, that they believe that people who support euthanasia are not acting out of mercy, but rather out of selfishness or that they are just giving up. People also think that it is just a fancy name for murder but isn’t murder defined as; â€Å"The unlawful, premeditated killing of one human being by another.† Where as with euthanasia an ill person is choosing to die and merely asking for assistance by another human being so that they can die in dignity with out having to commit suicide which can be very hard on the persons family and can also cause some legal problems. Some may also argue the point of what to do if a person is suffering with an illness of which there seems no hope of recovery, yet they are unable to make a choice for themselves, how do we know what that p...

Hear Me As I Am Essay

â€Å"What’s that you’re playing on the piano, Aubrey?† I asked my friend at a sleepover at her house. â€Å"It’s ‘Love Song’ by Sara Bareilles.† â€Å"Oh, I haven’t heard of that.† Little did I know I had heard that song before – I just didn’t recognize it. A few weeks passed and I recognized a certain type of piano playing on the radio. Aubrey plays this song, I realized. I listened to the song and I remember loving it and wanting to listen to it again. A couple months later, I watched American Idol, and the song is performed several times. A few more months pass and it’s January 2009; my parents decide to buy me an iPod. Later, I put the song on my iPod, and it becomes a favorite of mine that I realize has a lot of meaning – unlike many songs made today. That was how I came to know Sara Bareilles and her biggest hit, â€Å"Love Song.† â€Å"You are not what I thought you were†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – this was probably the most meaningful part of the whole song for me, because this was how Sara Bareilles stressed reality. Many people and advertisements today disguise themselves with lies that are not always that easy to see through. In this case the singer is talking about a person, most likely a boyfriend. And it’s true – many people today put on a fake front to try to appeal to others, like on the Internet or in Hollywood, but when you really get to know the person you discover that they aren’t what you originally thought them to be. I have experienced that with â€Å"friends† with whom I would later find out weren’t my friends at all because they really didn’t care about me or my feelings. In Sara’s situation, and in many other situations, one person is looking for real love and is serious, but the other isn’t. Hiding what you are is something that has deeply, negatively affected and continues to affect myself and many other unfortunate people. But it is a fact of life and needs to be dealt with, so I am happy that at least one other person besides me sees the truth of the matter. â€Å"Convinced me, to please you, Made me think that I need this too, I’m trying to let you Hear me as I am†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is my favorite section out of this song because in it Sara Bareilles shows that she’s just trying to be herself. I admire someone who is themselves because it shows that they aren’t afraid of other people’s criticism. I try to do the same but sometimes it can be very difficult and it’s easy to be pressured to â€Å"blend in† with the crowd. Intimate friends can â€Å"convince [you]† to please them and others around you, but they are really not your friends if they don’t â€Å"hear [you] as [you are]† or respect your morals and ethics. Sara is letting people know that she’s not going to let anyone mess with her, and I admire that. The overall meaning of this song for me was that people need to be their own individual person. This includes not doing things just because others ask you to, but deciding for yourself whether or not it goes along with your morals and values. Like Sara, I wouldn’t write someone a love song just because they asked me to – I would wait until I found a person who really cared. Instead, Sara stood up for herself and made sure that the other person knew how she really felt. That is something that I strive to do and I hope that others do too. I do realize that it’s easier to do things when everyone else is, but that’s where your inner strength comes in. Ask yourself, do I value my friends ideas more than what I know is right or wrong? Doing this involves your conscience, and if it has been trained properly, you will make the right decision. What I mainly want my classmates to get out of my presentation – and I don’t think I’ve stressed this enough at all – is that you need to be yourself. I notice that many of my classmates feel that they have to have the latest shirt form American Eagle of that they have to get the latest song from some singer on their iPod. But focusing on these little things isn’t what’s going to get you friends and it doesn’t make you any happier. What is important is that you have your own style and way of life, and not copy everyone else. Like Hunter said the other day, â€Å"If everyone were the same, life would be pretty boring.† Well, it’s not an â€Å"if†, and because of that people need to pay attention to themselves and make sure they are not carbon copies of each other. With my friends, I don’t care what their clothes look like or what music they prefer to listen to. I care what their morals are, what their personal interests are, and if they are a good friend. But even if my classmates don’t listen to me, I’m going to care, and that’s what makes all the difference.

Anthem Essay Outline

Is it due to error, incompetence, or a more sinister motivation? Explain. II. The Solution A. Objectivism 1 . Objectivism is the belief that certain things, especially moral truths, exist independently of human knowledge or perception of them. 2. Objectivism, as defined by Any Rand in the book Objectively Speaking is that man exists for his own sake, that he must neither sacrifice himself to there nor sacrifice others to himself and that his highest moral purpose is the achievement of his own happiness.This shows that man exists for himself and that his greatest value is the achievement of his own value, or happiness. Objectivism is a near synonym for individualism and a near opposite of collectivism. B. Collectivism 1 . The society portrayed in the novel Anthem is one where collectivism is the main form of government. The word â€Å"l† is destroyed and substituted for the words â€Å"us† or â€Å"we†. This shows that Collectivism is an evil which will create a d yspepsia society similar to the one described in Anthem. . Collectivism shows that people exist for the society and this causes jobs to issued not to the ones most skilled in the field but because of the need for the job in society. For example, in the novel Anthem Equality, a man with a high intelligence is given a small position or post of â€Å"street sweeper†. Here street sweeper, is one of the jobs society requires so goals can be reached and the needs of society are answered.Equality exhibits objectivism which is detailed in the previous paragraph, and because of this he is assigned this position. This shows the true purpose to why Equality is assigned this occupation. C. Freedom 1 . Another reason why the Council assigns Equality this loathsome occupation is because of Equality idea of freedom. This is frequented illustrated throughout the novel: â€Å"l do not surrender my treasures, nor do share them. The fortune of my spirit is not to be blown into coins of brass a nd flung to the

Exploring the Relationship Between Cigarette Essay

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between state-specific estimates of youth and adult cigarette smoking prevalences, overall, and after adjusting for cigarette prices and strength of smoke-free air laws. METHODS: Crude relationships were determined using state-specific adolescent and adult smoking estimates from three national surveillance systems conducted during 1997, 1999, or 2000. Weighted leastsquares regression analyses were conducted to assess crude and adjusted relationships between state-specific estimates of adolescent and adult smoking. RESULTS: In each crude analysis conducted, adolescent smoking prevalence was significantly and positively related to adult smoking prevalence. These relationships were attenuated, but generally persisted, after controlling for cigarette prices and strength of smoke-free air laws. CONCLUSIONS: Results support the premise that adult smoking influences adolescent smoking behavior. Funders and policy makers need to consider that an effe ctive youth prevention strategy may be to curb smoking among adults. Introduction Cigarettes are the most common form of tobacco used in the United States, among both youths and adults (1, 2). Interest in preventing adolescent uptake of tobacco use increased substantially during the early and mid-1990’s (3), as adolescent smoking initiation and prevalence increased (1, 4-9). This prompted considerable debate in the public health community about the relative merits of a youth or adult-centered tobacco control approach (10-14). A focus on youth has often been viewed by policy-makers as more politically palatable to the communities they serve; however, many researchers have argued that since the problem of tobacco affects people of all ages, effective solutions must do so as well, thereby favoring a more balanced strategy (10-14). An effective approach would target audiences in every age group, encouraging adults to quit without ignoring the reality that virtually all new tobacco users are children or adolescents. A considerable number of studies have noted relationships between parental and adolescent smoking (15-21). Bauman and colleagues noted that a key distinction in studies of parental and adolescent smoking was to distinguish whether the parents were current, former, or never smokers. When they made such distinctions, they found that the relationship between parental smoking status and adolescent smoking was as strong as that for peer smoking (16-17). Chassin and colleagues found that parental smoking cessation may help to lower the risk for adolescent smoking when the other parent was not a current smoker (20). Farkas and colleagues noted that the earlier parents quit, the less likely their children were to become smokers (21). To test the hypothesis that state-specific smoking prevalence for adolescents and adults would be directly related, we initially studied the relationship using data from the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (22). We documented a direct relationship, a finding also noted by Males (23). To assess this phenomenon more fully, we conducted similar analyses using data from  additional years and another surveillance system (the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse). Furthermore, because we recognized that cigarette prices and the strength of smoke-free air laws could influence both adolescent and adult smoking prevalences, we also studied the relationship after controlling for these important policy variables (2426). We hypothesized that the relationship between adolescent and adult smoking would be attenuated, but not eliminated, after controlling for these potential covariates. Methods Data Youth and adult smoking data for this study were taken from three nationallycoordinated surveillance systems: 1) the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS); 2) the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS); and 3) the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). The YRBSS provides state-specific adolescent data on public high school students between the approximate ages of 14 to 18 years. For this study, we used the following measures of adolescent smoking from YRBSS: current smoking prevalence, frequent cigarette use, youth ever smoking, and youth ever-daily smoking. The 1997 and 1999 YRBSS define current smoking prevalence (current cigarette use) as having smoked on at least 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey, and frequent cigarette use as having smoked  on at least 20 of the 30 days preceding the survey. The 1997 and 1999 YRBSS define youth ever smoking (i.e. lifetime cigarette use) as having ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs (6, 27). The 1999 YRBSS defines youth ever-daily smoking as having ever smoked at least 1 cigarette every day for 30 days (27). Weighted YRBSS data were published for 24 states in 1997, and for 22 states in 1999. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) weighted these statespecific estimates to adjust for nonresponse and varying probabilities of selection. The data are considered to be representative of all public high school students (grades 9-12), in  the respective states. In our analyses, we only included data from states with weighted YRBSS data. State-specific sample sizes ranged from 1,325 to 8,636 participants in 1997, and from 1,248 to 7,125 participants in 1999 (6, 27). Standard errors for these weighted 1997 and 1999 YRBSS data were provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and were used to estimate variances for analyses. The BRFSS provides state-specific estimates of major risk behaviors among adults aged 18 years and older. Adult current smoking and adult ever smoking measures were included as independent predictor variables from 1997 and 1999 BRFSS data. In the 1997 and 1999 BRFSS, current smokers were those who had ever smoked at least 100 lifetime cigarettes and who currently smoked every day or some days. Adult ever smoking was defined by the 1997 and 1999 YRBSS as having ever smoked 100 lifetime cigarettes. We used adult BRFSS data from all states for which we also had YRBSS data, which were 24 states in 1997 and 22 states in 1999. State-specific sample sizes ranged from 1,595 to 3,596 participants in 1997, and from 1,633 to 5,011 participants in 1999 (28-29). The NHSDA provides state-specific adolescent and adult data on substance abuse for adolescents between the ages of 12 to 17 years, adults between the ages of 18 to 25 years (referred to below as young adults), and adults greater than or equal to 26 years (referred to below as adults). In the 1999-2000 NHSDA, current smokers were those who smoked all or part of a cigarette on at least one of the 30 days preceding the survey. Representative samples were drawn from all 50 states and the District of Columbia, with sample sizes ranging from 900 to 1,030 in 42 states and the District of Columbia, and from 3,600 to 4,630 in 8 states. About one-third of each sample represented each age category: 12 to 17 years; 18 to 25 years; and >= 26 years (30). State-specific estimates for price, as of November 1st of each year, were taken from The Tax Burden on Tobacco (31). The average price of a pack of cigarettes was constructed by using weighted averages for a pack of 20 cigarettes based on the prices of single packs, cartons, and vending machine sales, where the weights are the national proportions of each type of sale. These prices are inclusive of state level  sales taxes applied to cigarettes, but are exclusive of local cigarette taxes. Because the price published is as of November 1st, and because the surveys are conducted throughout the year, we created a weighted average annual cigarette price measure by subtracting state and federal excise taxes from the current year’s price and the previous/following year’s price and weighting the pre-tax prices accordingly. Average federal and state excise taxes for the whole year were calculated and added to the weighted average pre-tax price. Data on state-specific smoke-free air legislation were compiled to construct a smoke-free air (SFA) legislation index, using a multi-step process. In itially, these legislative data were taken from the American Lung Association’s ‘State Legislated Actions on Tobacco Issues’ (SLATI) system, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s ‘State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation’ (STATE) system. We then contracted with the MayaTech Corporation to validate initial coding, and expand upon our initial categorization scheme by incorporating legislative information on additional locations, such as schools, recreational facilities, and cultural facilities. The state-specific SFA index values were constructed from ratings given to each state, based upon the levels of restriction provided for the following 10 locations in 1997, 1999, and 2000: private worksites, health facilities, restaurants, recreational facilities, cultural facilities, retail/grocery stores, shopping centers, public transit, public schools, and private schools. SFA ratings were summed for each of these 10 locations, and additional weighting was given to 6 designated youth-oriented locations (restaurants, recreational facilities, cultural facilities, shopping centers, public schools, private schools), which were multiplied by 2 prior to summation. After the ratings were summed, 20% of this total SFA score was then subtracted for the existence of any state preemption clauses. The calculation of the subtracted preemption percentage was based upon the average estimated percentage of states with SFA preemption in relevant youth-oriented categories, as described in a paper by Chriqui et al (2002) (32). Preemption clauses prevent a local area, within a state, from enacting  smoke-free ordinances that are stronger or more protective than state smoke-free air laws. Statistical Analysis Weighted least-squares regression analyses were conducted using SPSS software. Regression analyses of adult smoking measures, as the independent predictor variables, on adolescent smoking measures, as the dependent outcome variables, were conducted  for BRFSS, YRBSS, and NHSDA data. Analyses with YRBSS data were conducted overall and by gender (male, female). All regression analyses were weighted by the reciprocal of the variance of the dependent variables. Average price of a pack of cigarettes and strength of smoke-free air legislation were included as potential covariates in adjusted weighted least squares regression analyses. Crude and adjusted beta coefficients were calculated and reported, along with standard errors, r-squared values, and statistical probabilities (p-values). Additional weighted least-squares regression analyses were conducted to further adjust for income disparity. These analyses did not produce noticeably different results for youth-adult data; therefore, income disparity was not considered relevant for adjustment. Results Table 1 presents crude and adjusted results from the weighted least-squares regression analyses of youth and adult smoking measures. In each crude analysis conducted, adolescent smoking prevalence was significantly and positively related to adult smoking prevalence. These relationships were attenuated, but generally persisted, after controlling for cigarette prices and strength of smoke-free air laws. Adjusted overall relationships for 1997 YRBSS and BRFSS data, between youth-adult current smoking prevalence and frequent use, were attenuated; but remained significant. This attenuated, but significant, relationship persisted among males for current smoking  prevalence (with borderline significance among females), and among both males and females for frequent use. Crude relationships between youth-adult current smoking prevalence and frequent  use were significant for 1999 YRBSS and BRFSS data, and adjusted relationships remained significant among females for current prevalence an d frequent use. Crude relationships for NHSDA data from all states and the District of Columbia were also highly significant for youth, young adult, and adult smoking in 1999-2000 (See also: Figure 1). Adjusted relationships for 1999-2000 NHSDA data also remained significant for all youth, young adult, and adult smoking data. Table 2 presents results from additional weighted least-squares regression analyses that were conducted to explore a possible relationship between youth and adults with respect to measures of smoking initiation. These analyses, using 1997 YRBSS and BRFSS data, showed a significant adjusted relationship between youth ever-smoking and adults ever-smoking at least 100 cigarettes. Analyses using 1999 YRBSS and BRFSS data showed significant crude and adjusted relationships between youth ever-daily smoking and adults ever smoking at least 100 cigarettes. Discussion These analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between statespecific estimates of youth and adult cigarette smoking prevalence, overall, and after adjusting for important policy covariates. In each crude analysis conducted, adolescent smoking prevalence was significantly and positively related to adult smoking prevalence. After adjustment, the adolescent-adult relationship was attenuated, but remained significant, for: 1997 overall and male current prevalence; 1997 overall, male, and female frequent use; 1999 female current prevalence and frequent use; and all age groups tested using 1999/2000 NHSDA data. Therefore, the relationships generally persisted after controlling for two important policy variables, price and strength of smoke-free air  legislation. Adjusted analyses, using 1997 and 1999 YRBSS and BRFSS data, also showed a significant relationship between the following measures of smoking initiation: youth ever smoking and adults ever smoking at least 100 cigar ettes; and youth ever-daily smoking and adults ever smoking at least 100 cigarettes. There are several limitations regarding these analyses. Results for the YRBSS/BRFSS data may be influenced by the relatively small number of states with weighted data used in analyses. There were 24 states with weighted YRBSS data in 1997, and 22 states with weighted YRBSS data in 1999. BRFSS data from 1997 and 1999 were only used for the same number of corresponding states with weighted YRBSS data in both respective years. The ecological fallacy may also be involved, since smoking behavior data were drawn and analyzed from state-specific population data. Other variables, such as relationship quality between adolescents and parents, may mediate the relationship between adolescent and adult smoking prevalence. Further research is needed to explore additional variables, which cannot be ruled out by these analyses, and may affect the state-specific relationship between adolescent and adult cigarette smoking. Results are consistent with the notion that adult smoking influences adolescent smoking. Findings are also consistent with parental literature, suggesting that youth behavior models adult behavior, and other research, suggesting that if adults quit youth may be less likely to smoke (16, 17, 19-21). These data support the belief that efforts to prevent initiation and promote quitting, among both adolescents and adults, would be included as key components of an optimal tobacco control strategy and an effective public health effort to reduce tobacco-related mortality and morbidity. An optimal tobacco control strategy would also include a component to protect non-smokers from  environmental tobacco smoke. Glantz and Jamieson have proposed that tobacco control efforts directed at adolescents and young adults need to also emphasize smoke-free air policies, which encourage smoking cessation among  youth, as well as adults (26). Research suggests that population tobacco control strategies that influence adult smoking, like price and smoke-free air, also influence youth smoking (33-38). Therefore, these strategies have a two-for-one effect. This lends further weight to the contention that reducing adult smoking is an important strategy to reduce the uptake of smoking among youth. Public health researchers have an important role in explaining why an emphasis on adult cessation is necessary, and why it does not imply any neglect of youth smoking. The public health response to curbing the tobacco-related health burden should be evidenced based, rather than simply popular. References 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Tobacco Surveillance, United States, 1998-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49(SS-10):1-44. 2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking: A report of the Surgeon General. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD. 2001. 3. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. 21 CFR Part 801, et al. Regulations Restricting the Sale and Distribution of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco to Protect Children and Adolescents; Final Rule. Federal Registrar; 61(168): August 28, 1996. 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 1993. MMWR Surveillance Summaries. March 24, 1995/44(SS-1); 1-55. 5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 1995. MMWR Surveillance Summaries. September 27, 1996/ 45(SS-4); 1-83. 6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 1997. MMWR Surveillance Summaries. August 14, 1998/47(SS3); 1-89. 7. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Summary of Findings from the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Office of Applied Studies, NHSDA Series H-13, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3549. Rockville, MD, 2001. 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Incidence of Initiation of Cigarette Smoking – United States, 1965-1996. MMWR 1998; 47:837-840. 9. Johnston, LD, O’Malley, PM, Bachman, JG. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2000. Volume I: Secondary School Students. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIH Publication No. 01-4924; August 2001. 10. Myers ML. Adults Versus Teenagers: A False Dilemma and a Dangerous Choice. Tobacco Control. 1999;8(3):336-338. 11. Glantz SA. Preventing Tobacco Use – The Youth Access Trap. American Journal of Public Health. 1996;86(2):155-156. 13 12. Hill D. Why We Should Tackle Adult Smoking First. Tobacco Control. 1999;8(3):333-335. 13. McNeill A. Why Children Start Smoking: The Need for a Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policy. British Journal of Addiction. 1992;87(1):24-25. 14. Bayer R, Kiesig V. Is Child-Centered Tobacco Prevention a Trap? American Journal of Public Health. 2003:93(3):369-370. 15. Jacobson PD, Lantz PM, Warner KE, Wasserman J, Pollack HA, Ahlstrom AK. The Social Context of Adolescent Smoking. Combating Teen Smoking Research and Policy Strategies. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press;2001:79114. 16. Bauman KE, Foshee VA, Linzer MA, Koch GG. Effect of Parental Smoking Classification on the Association Between Parental and Adolescent Smoking. Addictive Behaviors. 1990;15(5):413-422. 17. Bauman KE, Carver K, Gleiter K. Trends in Parent and Friend Influence During Adolescence: The Case of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking. Addictive Behaviors. 2001;26(3):349-361. 18. Bailey SL, Ennett ST, Ringwalt CL. Potential Mediators, Moderators, or Independent Effects in the Relationship Between Parents’ Former and Current Cigarette Use and Their Children’s Cigarette Use. Addictive Behaviors. 1993;18(6):601-621. 19. Chassin L, Presson CC, Todd M, Rose JS, Sherman SJ. Maternal Socialization of Adolescent Smoking: The Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting and Smoking. Developmental Psychology. 1998;34(6):1189-1202. 20. Chassin L, Presson C, Rose J, Sherman SJ, Prost J. Parental Smoking Cessation and Adolescent Smoking. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2002;27(6):485-496. 21. Farkas AJ, Distefan JM, Choi WS, Gilpin EA, Pierce JP. Does Parental Smoking Cessation Discourage Adolescent Smoking?. Preventive Medicine. 1999; 28(3): 213-218. 22. Giovino GA. Development of a State Tobacco Database for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s ImpacTeen Study. Presentation at â€Å"Tobacco-Free Future: Shining the Light,† the Fifth Annual National Conference on Tobacco and Health. Kissimmee, Florida; August 24, 1999. http://www.impacteen.org/generalarea_PDFs/giovino0899.pdf. 23. Males MA. Smoked: Why Joe Camel is Still Smiling. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press: 1999. 14 24. Chaloupka FJ and Grossman M. Price, Tobacco Control Policies, and Youth Smoking. NBER Working Paper 5740, 1996. 25. Taurus JA and Chaloupka FJ. Price, Clean Indoor Air Laws, and Cigarette Smoking: Evidence from Longitudinal Data for Young Adults. NBER Working Paper 6937. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999. 26. Glantz SA, Jamieson P. Attitudes Toward Secondhand Smoke, Smoking, and Quitting Among Young People. Pediatrics. 2000;106(6):E82. 27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 1999. MMWR Surveillance Summaries. June 9, 2000/49(SS-5); 196. 28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Surveillance Branch Division of Adult and Community Health. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 1997 BRFSS Summary Prevalence Report. August 21, 1998. pp. viii-xii. 29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Surveillance Branch Division of Adult and Community Health. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 1997 BRFSS Summary Prevalence Report. June 23, 2000. pp. ix-1. 30. NHSDA. Person-Level Sampling Weight Calibration for the 2000 NHSDA. Chen P, Emrich S, Gordek H, Penne MA, Singh AC, Westlake M. Research Triangle Institute. July 22, 2002. pp. 1-4. 31. Orzechowski and Walker. The Tax Burden on Tobacco. Arlington, VA. Vol. 36, 2001. 32. Chriqui J, Frosh MM, Fues LA, El Arculli R, Stillman FA. State Laws on Youth Access to Tobacco: An Update, 1993-1999. Tobacco Control. 2002;11(2):163164. 33. Chaloupka F, Wakefield M, Czart C. Taxing Tobacco: The Impact of Tobacco Taxes on Cigarette Smoking and Other Tobacco Use. In: Rabin RL Sugarman SD, editors. Regulating Tobacco. New York. Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 39-72. 34. Jacobson PD, Zapawa LM. Clean Indoor Air Restrictions: Progress and Promise. In: Rabin RL Sugarman SD, editors. Regulating Tobacco. New York. Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 207-245. 35. Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Effect of Smoke-Free Workplaces on Smoking Behaviour: Systematic Review. BMJ. 2002;325(7357):174-175. 15 36. Wasserman J, Manning WG, Newhouse JP, Winkler JD. The Effects of Excise Taxes and Regulations on Cigarette Smoking. Journal of Health Economics. 1991;10(1):43-64. 37. Ohsfeldt R, Boyle RG, Capilouto EI. Tobacco Taxes, Smoking Restrictions, and Tobacco Use. NBER Working Paper 6486. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998. 38. Wakefield MA, Chaloupka FJ, Kaufman NJ, Orleans CT, Barker DC, Ruel EE. Effect of Restrictions on Smoking at Home, at School, and in Public Places on Teenage Smoking: Cross Sectional Study. British Medical Journal. 2000;321:333-337.